Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a metabolic disorder caused by the physiologic disorders in purine metabolism, resulting in increased serum uric acid levels, which can lead to gout in severe cases. HUA pathogenesis primarily involves enzyme dysfunction, urate transporter expression dysregulation, glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, and intestinal homeostasis disruption. Numerous studies have reported the effectiveness of natural polyphenols in alleviating hyperuricemia and gout. This article summarizes HUA pathogenesis and the mechanisms of action of polyphenolic compounds in reducing uric acid, to provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of uric acid-lowering drugs.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by persistent mucosal inflammation.Scutellaria baicalensis (also known as Huangqin), as a common traditional Chinese medicines used in clinical practice, is known for its efficacy at clearing internal heat,eliminating dampness, purging fire,eliminating toxins, stopping bleeding, and calming fetal activity. Its formulations, including Huangqin Decoction, Peony Decoction, and Pueraria, Scutellaria, and Coptis Decoction, are often used to treat damp-heat UC. Studies have shown that S. baicalensis and its active ingredients play an important role in protecting the intestinal mucosa, and have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. This study reviews the mechanism of action of S. baicalensisand its active ingredients (baicalin,baicalein,oroxindin, wogonin, Scutellaria baicalensis polysaccharide, etc.) in the treatment of UC in recent years, including the protection and repair of the intestinal mucosal barrier, the active ingredients anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, effects against antioxidative stress, and regulation of intestinal flora, to provide a reference for targeted clinical treatment of UC and drug development.

To understand the current distribution status of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) resources in Gangcheng District, Jinan City, Shandong Province, in accordance with the unified requirements of the fourth national survey of TCM resources, the distribution of wild medicinal plant resources, and cultivation of TCM in Gangcheng District were investigated and sorted out through processes including field investigation, internal industry organization, and data analysis. The results showed that there are 180 species of wild resources in Gangcheng District, belonging to 65 families and 151 genera. Among them, the dominant families include Asteraceae, Leguminosae, and Cruciferae, among others. The reserves of wild Phytolacca, Rubia, and Leonurus are relatively large, and 69 species of wild resources are included in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia; Cultivar include Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Crataegus pinnatifida Bge., Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim., Lonicera japonica Thunb., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe, among which Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. is a geographical indication resource. This resource survey provides a comprehensive understanding of the types and distribution of wild medicinal plant resources in Gangcheng District, providing a scientific basis for the development and utilization of regional TCM resources and the sustainable development of the TCM industry.

The survey of wild medicinal resources in Weining County, Guizhou Province was conducted using the sample plot and line transect methods, and the diversity and comprehensive value of the resources were analyzed based on the literature. The survey results showed that there are 130 families, 392 genera, and 658 species of wild medicinal plants in Weining County, mainly composed of dominant families such as Compositae, large families such as Polypodiaceae, and medium-sized families such as Pinaceae. It was found that perennial herbaceous plants are the most abundant, with their main medicinal parts being roots and rhizomes, as well as whole grasses. There were 17 families, 21 genera, and 22 species with reserves, including 11 species with high comprehensive value, such as Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC.) Makino and Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep., indicating that the diversity of wild medicinal plant resources and overall comprehensive value is rich, and the wild medicinal plant resources are mainly cold and flat medicinal materials in Weining County. Targeted development, utilization, and research can be conducted on cold and balanced medicinal plant resources in Weining County, to strengthen the protection of wild medicinal plant resources with high comprehensive value and provide a basis for the sustainable development and utilization of traditional Chinese medicine resources in the county.

Based on the component-antioxidant correlation model, the differences in the content of active components and the antioxidant function of different solvent extracts from artichoke bud were explored. Artichoke bud was extracted with water, 70% methanol, 70% ethanol, and 70% acetone. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were compared in the various extracts. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation scavenging capacity and the total reduction capacity were used to evaluate their antioxidant activity. The correlation between the main active ingredients and antioxidant capacity of different extracts from artichoke bud was comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that the levels of total polyphenols and total flavonoids in 70% ethanol extract were the highest, which were (9.14±0.12) mg/g and (13.46±0.42) mg/g, respectively. The extract with 70% methanol has the strongest antioxidant capacity. The IC₅₀ values of scavenging DPPH and ABTS⁺ were 0.43 mg/mL and 0.10 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, when the reducing capacity was 0.5, the mass concentration (A_0.5) of the extract was 6.42 mg/mL. The results of correlation analysis showed that the level of total polyphenols and total flavonoids were significantly correlated with the DPPH and ABTS⁺ scavenging capacity (P<0.01). The extract with 70% methanol was rich in polyphenols and flavonoids and possessed the strongest antioxidant capacity, which can provide a certain theoretical basis for further development and utilization of artichoke resources.

Analysis of changes in volatile components during the stir-frying process of Arecae Semen can provide references for quality control of raw and stir-fried Arecae Semen. The content of volatile components in Arecae Semen at different stir-frying times was analyzed via gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and chemometrics was applied to screen differential components. Thirty-one volatile components were identified in the Arecae Semen, including aldehydes, esters, organic acids, and ketones. The level of volatile components significantly changed after stir-frying. The results of chemometrics showed that the changes in the level of dimethyl trisulfide, isovaleraldehyde, and ethyl acetate were significant. Based on GC-IMS and chemometrics, the changes in volatile components during the stir-frying process of Arecae Semen were well described, and provided a basis for identification and quality control of Arecae Semen stir-fried for different times.

In order to provide basic data for the protection and sustainable utilization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) resources in Shizhong District, Jinan, Shandong Province, the species composition and distribution of wild TCM resources, the reserves of key medicinal materials, and the situation of cultivated medicinal materials in Shizhong District of Jinan were sorted out and analyzed by field resource investigation, specimen collection, cultivated medicinal materials investigation, data summary, and analysis. According to the investigation of 36 plots and 1 080 prescriptions, 206 kinds of TCM resources were collected, belonging to 64 families and 162 genera. Among them, the major wild medicinal materials, such as platyclus, cypress seed, and sour jujube seed, were abundant, and the cultivated medicinal materials were mainly Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Polygonum multijiorum Thunb., Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., and Lonicera japonica Thunb. Those are important measures to strengthen the protection of wild TCM resources, that strengthen the protection of wild TCM resources,guide the classification of TCM resources by regionalization, and carry out ecological planting of cultivated TCM and intercropping.

Herein, metabolites in plasma, urine and feces of rats were analyzed after oral administration of rutin and the metabolic pathway of rutin was evaluated. After intragastric administration of 250 mg/kg rutin, plasma, urine, and feces were collected and treated via solid phase extraction. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrapmass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS) was used with 0.05% formic acid water (A)-0.05% formic acid acetonitrile (B) as mobile phase gradient elution. The sample data were collected in positive- and negative-ion modes. The metabolites and metabolic pathway of rutin in rats were determined via high resolution extraction ion chromatography in the parallel reaction monitoring mode, combined with chromatographic retention time, accurate mass measurement and diagnostic ions.Twenty-nine rutin metabolites were detected and identified in positive and negative ion modes,and their main metabolic pathways were methylation, glucuronidation, sulfation and their compound reaction. The study provided the overall metabolic profile of rutin, which will provide a reference for further pharmacodynamic evaluation, development, and utilization in the future and offer a comprehensive research method for drug metabolism identification.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) using a network pharmacology approach. The active ingredients and targets of the Sanhuang Xiexin decoction were examined and screened using the systematic pharmacology database and the analysis platform of traditional Chinese medicine. AD-related targets were retrieved and screened through Gene Cards database, and drug and disease intersection targets were obtained through through Venn diagram.The STRING database was used to obtain the network information of protein-protein interaction (PPI). The Cytoscape was used to construct drugs-active ingredients-target-disease network and PPI,and DAVID database was used to analyze common targets in gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG). Furthermore, the Sybyl-x 2.1.1 software was used for molecular docking validation. The screening yielded 47 active ingredients and 71 related targets. Herein,the main active ingredients were quercetin, β-sitosterol, wogonin, baicalein, rivularin, and moslosooflavone; and the core targets were IL-6,TNF,IL-1β,VEGFA,TP53.The GO function enrichment analysis predominantly involved biological processes including drug response, hypoxia response, positive regulation of cell migration,and positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis.KEGG analysis mainly involved pathways such as cancer pathways, HIF-1 signaling pathways, and TNF signaling pathways.Molecular docking results showed the presence of a relatively strong binding ability between the core target and the core compounds, such as β-sitosterol and rivularin.This study preliminarily explained that the Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction can interfere with AD by modulating HIF-1, TNF, and other signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting Aβ aggregation and tau phosphorylation, blocking acetylcholinesterase activation, and suppressing inflammation.

This study aimed to devise a methodology for the simultaneous determination of the contents of nine primary components in Lonicerae japonicae flos through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The chemometric analysis of the nine primary components was performed via negative ion scanning. Further, chromatographic separation was performed on a Thermo Hypersil GOLD column at a temperature of 35 ℃. The mobile phase comprised methanol and water containing 0.2% formic acid, as determined through the cluster thermogram and principal component analyses of Lonicerae japonicae flos. The peak areas with concentrations of nine components exhibited a good linear relationship (R²>0.999 1), and the intraday (0.96%~2.26%) and interday (0.52%~3.04%) precisions and stability values (0.85%~2.15%) agreed well with relative standard deviation (RSD). The recovery rate was between 96.77% and 101.94%, and the RSD was between 2.48% and 4.01%. The results of the chemometric, hierarchical cluster, and principal component analyses revealed that there were considerable differences in the contents of the active ingredients of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos from various regions, and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were considered as the dominant compounds. UPLC-MS/MS quantitative and chemometric analyses of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos performed herein may provide a reference for the modernization of and innovative research on the effective ingredients of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and related quantity effect relations as well as the quality control of related products.

To explore the effect of different slicing methods on the drying characteristics of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma, the hot air drying at 40 ℃ and traditional air drying at room temperature were performed and the results were compared. Furthermore, the effect of different slicing methods (circular cutting and 45° oblique cutting) and slice thickness (2, 4, and 6 mm) on the drying characteristics of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma were investigated. Several water-loss kinetic models were adopted to quantitatively describe the drying characteristics. Results showed that the drying was mainly a falling rate period. The drying rate decreased with the decrease of the moisture content of the dry basis. Furthermore, the larger the slice thickness, the lower the drying rate and the longer the drying time. According to statistical parameters, the Page model predicted and described the drying process more accurately than others. The predicted value of the model was in good agreement with the experimental value, and it could well describe the drying process for different slicing methods. The research provides a guidance for further investigating Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma.

The study aimed to conduct a comprehensive study on the quality requirements for Knoxiae Radix processed with vinegar and to offer technical support for the formulation of the standard of Shandong Province Chinese herbal medicine processing specification. On the basis of the quality standard of vinegar-processed Knoxiae Radix in Shandong Province Chinese herbal medicine processing specification (2012), 29 batches of Knoxiae Radix samples were collected. Following vinegar processing, the parameters including characteristics, moisture, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extract content, microscopic, and thin layer and content determination were systematically studied and analyzed and the relevant limits were formulated. The project was established on the basis of the current quality standard, in which the microscopic identification, and the lucidin content determination were added, and the extractum item were revised when compared with current quality standard. This study established the Knoxiae Radix quality control index after vinegar processing. The established method of quality control is simple, reproducible, and accurate which can be used for quality control of vinegar-processed Knoxiae Radix.

The mathematical formula for calculating the value of the feeding standard was developed, and the mode of quality risk management in traditional Chinese medicine preparations was constructed. The contents of peucedane A and peucedane B in three preparations containing Peucedani Radix (eight batches from four manufacturers) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography; the feeding standard values were calculated; and the quality risks of the preparations were evaluated. The quality risks of preparations were divided into four categories based on the value of the feeding standard, allowing for an effective evaluation of the risks of preparations. The established method can be used to evaluate the standardization of preparation feeding and detect quality risks in real time, providing a decision-making basis for risk classification management.

This study aimed to provide a basis for the evaluation of germplasm resources, variety classification and identification, and selection of excellent varieties for Lonicera japonica based on submicroscopic structure characteristics of pollen grains. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to classify and identify the plants, stems, leaves, flowers, pollens, and outer ornamentations of L. japonica varieties. The data were analyzed using statistical product and service solutions(SPSS). There were certain differences in the morphological traits, pollen shapes, germinal apertures, and outer ornamentations of the eight L. japonica varieties. The stem and crown of the Sijihua plants were obvious, and the Beihua No.1 plants were bush-like. The buds of L. japonica No. 24 were sparsely pubescent. The pollen grains were spheres, with dense thorn-like ornamentations on the outer wall. The pollen grains of Beihua No.1 and Sijihua were triangular spheres, with dense, thick, thorn-like ornamentations on the outer wall. The stems, branches, and buds of Damaohua had dense, long pubescence. The buds of L. japonica No. 16 were densely covered, with glandular hairs and acicular hairs. The pollen grains of L. japonica No. 1, L. japonica No. 15, and L. japonica No. 23 were blunt triangular spheres or spheroids, with sparse, thorn-like ornamentations on the outer wall. The morphological characteristics of the pollen grains of L. japonica varieties provide a palynological basis for variety classification and identification.

To study the pilot-scale purification process and bacteriostatic effect of hypocrellin during the pilot-scale production, we extracted hypocrellin using different solvents and extraction methods. Then, we investigated the purification effects of the hypocrellin using salting-out, physical cooling, and ultrafiltration methods. The results showed that the amount of hypocrellin extracted using the jet pulverization method could reach up to 21.4 mg/g, and its density could exceed 90% after its purification via ultrafiltration. The analysis of the bacteriostatic activity of hypocrellin showed that it had good thermal stability and inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. We found that hypocrellin has natural antibacterial properties and good thermal stability, is easy to extract and purify, and can be used as a bacteriostatic drug in medicine and other applications.

In this study, we have developed a novel method for the simultaneous determination of calycosin 7-O-glucoside, hesperidin, and ammonium glycyrrhizinate in Buzhongyiqi Pills based on UPLC-Q/Orbitrap HRMS using Hypersil Gold C₁₈ chromatographic column. The gradient mobile phase comprised acetonile as well as water containing 0.1% formic acid. The flow rate, column temperature, and injection volume were 0.4 mL/min, 40 ℃, and 1 μL, respectively. Mass spectrometer was operated using an electrospray ionization source in the positive ion mode for detection. The scan range was 100~1 500 m/z. Quantification was performed by extracting the accurate mass of the target compounds.The linear ranges of calycosin 7-O-glucoside,hesperidin, ammonium glycyrrhizinate were 0.089 1~1.425 0 μg/mL,0.098 4~12.600 0 μg/mL, and 7.425 0~29.700 0 μg/mL (r≥0.999 3), respectively. Furthermore, the limits of detection were 5.57 ng/mL, 4.10 ng/mL, and 5.80 ng/mL, respectively, while the limits of quantitation were 22.26 ng/mL, 12.30 ng/mL, and 23.20 ng/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated good precision, repeatability, and sample stability. Spike recoveries were 91%~105%(δ_RSD≤5.0%,n=6). This method is simple, accurate, and highly sensitive, which is suitable for the simultaneous determination of calycosin 7-O-glucoside, hesperidin, and ammonium glycyrrhizinate in Buzhongyiqi Pills.

Six polyphenolic compounds were separated and extracted from Taraxaci Herba through a combination of pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography (pH-ZRCCC) and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). In pH-ZRCCC,ethyl acetate-acetonitrile-water (4:1:5, V/V) was selected as the solvent system, trifluoroacetic acid (10 mmol/L) was added to the upper phase as the stationary phase, and ammonia (10 mmol/L) was added to the lower phase as the mobile phase. Caffeic acid (60.2 mg with a purity of 98.1%), p-hydroxycinnamic acid (6.3 mg with a purity of 98.8%), and mixture A (590 mg) were separated from 1.6 g of crude ethyl acetate extract of Herba Taraxaci. After further using HSCCC, petroleumether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:4:1:4, V/V) was selected as the solvent system.Consequently, 1-O-caffeoylglycerol (7.7 mg with a purity of 82.2%), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (5.4 mgwith a purity of 24.8%), protocatechuic acid (6.2mg with a purity of 95.3%) and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3.4 mgwith a purity of 89.0%) were obtained from 400 mg of mixture A.The method has a large preparation volume and good reproducibility, and is suitable for the separation and purification of Taraxaci Herba polyphenol compounds.

The study’s aim was to obtain Ginkgo biloba extract with a high mass fraction of total flavonoids. On the basis of single-factor test, the sample concentration, ethanol volume fraction, eluate volume, and elution flow rate were used as the investigation factors and the mass fraction and yield of total flavonoids extracted from G. biloba were used as the investigation indicators. Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface method were used to optimize the column chromatography process for purifying the total flavonoids extracted from G. biloba. Optimal purification was achieved by using a sample concentration of 3.1 mg/mL, ethanol volume fraction of 71%, eluate volume of 2 BV (BV is the column void volume), and elution flow rate of 2 BV/h. Under the optimal conditions, three batches of verification experiments were conducted. The average mass fraction of total flavonoids in the G. biloba extract reached 35.77%, and the yield was 93.30%. The mass fraction of total lactones in the G. biloba extract reached the standards of The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. Using BBD and response surface method for optimizing the column chromatography process for the purification of total flavonoids is scientific, reasonable, and feasible.This study can be used as a reference for the industrial production of total flavonoids.

To determine the most optimal extraction process for angelica volatile oil and its antioxidant activity. In this experiment, authentic Angelica sinensis was used as the test material and the single factor and response surface analysis methods were adopted. The particle size of angelica granules, water addition ratio, and extraction time were investigated. In addition, volatile oil yield was evaluated, and the volatile oil extraction process was optimized. Under the conditions of this process, the volatile oil of A. sinensis was extracted, and the antioxidant activity of the volatile oil was determined based on the DPPH free radical scavenging rate. The results showed that the optimum process parameters were particle size of 24 mesh, water addition ratio of 6, and extraction time of 7 h. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of volatile oil from A. sinensis was high.The antioxidant assay showed that when the concentration of A. sinensis volatile oil was 1.2 mg/mL, the DPPH radical scavenging rate was 51.9%. The process optimized by the single factor and response surface model was stable, and the extraction rate of the volatile oil was high. The volatile oil produced under these conditions had good antioxidant activity, which can provide scientific and rational guidance for clarifying and optimizing the process parameters for extracting A. sinensis volatile oil.

A high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with on-line removal of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) model was established for the rapid screening and identification of antioxidant active ingredients in peony flowers. Waters X-Bridge C₁₈ chromatographic column was used with acetonitrile-water (0.1% formic acid) as the mobile phase. The peony flower samples were analyzed using electrospray positive and negative ion modes. The samples separated using HPLC were mixed with free-radical solution, and the mixture was entered into HPLC-Q-TOF-MS for rapid identification. In total, 15 ingredients and 5 antioxidant compounds were identified in the negative ion mode. This method is a simple method for rapid screening and identification of antioxidant compounds in a complex system of natural products. Furthermore, it can also provide scientific basis for further studies on peony flower.

The chemical composition of Radix Dipsaci was separated by D101 macroporous adsorption resin, MCI column chromatography, and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and the structures of the isolates were identified based on NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and other spectral methods. Thirteen compounds were isolated and obtained from the 70% ethanol extract of Radix Dipsaci, including five triterpenoid saponins: asperosaponin Ⅵ (1), cauloside A (2), dipsacus saponin A (3), 3-O-(2-O-acetyl)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(4),3-O-(4-O-acetyl)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), six iridoid glycosides: loganic acid (6) loganin (7), sweroside (8), dipsanoside A (9), dipsanoside B (10), sylvestroside I (11) and two other compounds: 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (12) and α-linolenic acid (13), in which compounds 4, 12, 13 were isolated from the genus of Dipsacus Linn. for the first time. The chemical composition of Radix Dipsaci was further enriched in this study that provides the material basis for establishing quality standards for Radix Dipsaci based on Q-markers as the basis for evaluating the quality of Chinese materia medica. This further provides the chemical material basis for further explaining the chemical composition and content changes before and after the processing of “sweating” and the research of the chemical composition transformation mechanism of Radix Dipsaci.

To improve the thin layer chromatographic (TLC) identification standard of Yinqiao Powder in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Yinqiao Powder samples were systematically extracted using different reagents to obtain different sample solutions. A series of TLC (sTLC) was used to systematically study the sample solutions, development conditions, and color development methods to identify 10 single herbs in Yinqiao Powder. Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Forsythiae Fructus, Menthae Haplocalycis Herba, Arctii Fructus, Sojae Semen Praeparatum, Schizonepetae Spica, and Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma were identified in Yinqiao Powder using sTLC. Arctii Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma, Sojae Semen Praeparatum, and Schizonepetae Spica can be dispersed on a thin-layer plate one time for common identification. In this study, the identifications of seven single herbs in Yinqiao Powder via sTLC can be used for identifying standard herbs. This approach shows good reproducibility, strong operability, and low detection cost. Furthermore, it can provide an experimental basis for the content supplement and quality standard improvement of Yinqiao Powder in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and facilitate a reference for the TLC identification of other Yinqiao Powder formulations.

DNA barcoding method was carried out to identify a species, which was discovered during field medicinal resource investigation in Shandong and difficult to identify using morphological characters. First, the total DNA was extracted from the samples. Then, the sequences of internal transcribed spacer region 2 and psbA-trnH were amplified and sequenced using polymerase chain reaction. Next, the obtained sequences were proofread and spliced using Chromasv, and the software MEGA 6.0 was used to analyze the data. Consequently, the studied species was identified as Isodon rubescen (Hemsl.) Hara using the DNA barcoding method. This study provides important evidence regarding the identification of a newly discovered species, Isodon rubescens, in Shandong and its medicinal resource development.

The study aimed to determine the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides from different parts (such as rhizome, taproot, and fibrous ginseng root) of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix using HILIC-CAD-ESI-TOF/MS. The polysaccharides of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix were completely hydrolyzed via ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis, and a Waters Xbridge Amide column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution (A for aqueous ammonium acetate solution, B for acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, column temperature of 40 ℃ was used. ESI-TOF/MS was used for qualitative identification, and CAD detector (with a nebulizer temperature of 60 ℃ and N₂ pressure of 8.8 kPa) was used for quantitative determination, combined with principal component analysis to differentiate the different parts of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix. The suggested method showed a good linearity in the corresponding mass concentration ranges (correlation coefficients>0.999 1); the detection limit was found to be between 0.03 μg/mL and 0.13 μg/mL, and recoveries between 94.17% and 107.15% were achieved. The method was applied to determine the presence of seven monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, fucose, and mannose) and two uronic acids (galacuronic and glucuronic acids) in the products obtained by subjecting the different parts of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix to polysaccharide hydrolysis. In the taproot, the content of glucose was relatively high with a mean of (2.123±0.070)mg/g; in the rhizome, the contents of rhamnose, arabinose, fructose, mannose, glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid were relatively high with a mean of (0.037±0.006)mg/g, (0.179±0.023)mg/g, (0.158±0.028)mg/g, (0.036±0.006)mg/g, (0.069±0.007)mg/g, and (0.376±0.096)mg/g, respectively; and in the fibrous ginseng root, the fucose content was relatively high with a mean of (0.120±0.005)mg/g. The suggested method was found to be simple, sensitive, and reproducible and provided method and data support for the composition of monosaccharides of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix and the exploitation of different medicinal parts.

U6 promoter is an important element that drives sgRNA transcription in the construction of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. In this study, three types of U6 promoters were cloned from Huajin 6 Lonicera japonica using polymerase chain reaction(PCR), and five promoters of different lengths were constructed to drive the GUS expression vector. CaMV35S was used in a positive control experiment, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in a negative control experiment. Tobacco protoplasts were transfected through the transient transformation method using A. tumefaciens. After GUS staining, the quantity and efficiency of protoplasts were observed under a microscope. The staining results revealed that the highly efficient transcription promoter Chr01 U6-F1 was screened successfully, which laid a foundation for the gene editing of Lonicera japonica in the later stage.

To develop a national certified reference material (CRM) of Ginkgolide C according to the technical requirements of Directives for the work of reference materials - Reference materials - General and statistical principles for certification, Ginkgolide C was purified and obtained using silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography technology, and preparative liquid chromatography from dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. The structure was confirmed by UV, IR, HR-MS, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR. The identification of thin-layer chromatography was performed, and the LC-MS technique was established. Homogeneity test, stability test, and certification analysis were conducted. Results show that the samples were stable under the storage condition of 0~4 ℃ for 2 years; the certification analysis result confirms that its purity is (99.85±0.06)%. The developed Ginkgolide C meets the technical requirements of national certified reference material per GB/T 15000.3—2008, which can be used for content determination, quality control, and detection method evaluation of Ginkgolide C and related products.

The headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to extract and analyze the volatile components of Mongolian thyme herb,the peak areas were normalized to obtain the relative content of each component. A total of 56 volatile components were detected, of which, phenolic alcohols, terpenes, alkenes, esters, aldehydes, and ketones were the primary chemical compounds. linalool (27.8%), borneol (9.12%), camphor terpene (8.12%), limonene (7.81%), etc. were found to be the main ingredients. This is the first study wherein HS-SPME was performed in combination with GC-MS to analyze the volatile components of Mongolian thyme herb found in the Shandong area. The chemical components were found to be rich and have a high medicinal value.

A preparation method for bilobalide certified reference material (CRM) was developed in this study to enrich and prepare bilobalide from ginkgo biloba using silica gel column chromatography combined with gel column chromatography and preparative liquid chromatography. The structure of bilobalide was characterized using UV, IR, MS, and NMR. Bilobalide samples were tested for homogeneity and stability according to the technical requirements of GB /T 15000. 3—2008/ISO Guide 35:2006. Cooperative certification was conducted by eight laboratories. The results indicated that the standard value was 99.88% and the uncertainty was 0.22% with a confidence interval of 95%. The prepared samples had good uniformity and were stable for 24 months at storage temperatures of 2~8 °C, which were acceptable to the expert group. The preparation method of high-purity bilobalide has low preparation cost, simple operation, and high efficiency, which solves the problem of the lack of national standard samples for bilobalide and can be applied for quality control, analysis, and testing of Chinese medicinal materials and related products.

Three new wild species of plants were reported from Shandong Province, These were Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera, Polygonum muricatum Meisn., and Isodon serra (Maxim.) Kudô. The discoveries of these species are crucial for the study of plant diversity and distribution of Traditional Chinese Medicine resources in Shandong. Voucher specimens of these species were deposited in Herbarium of Shandong Drug and Food Vocational College.

The purpose of this study is to optimize the polysaccharide purification technique from Smilacis Chinae Rhizoma. With the purity, paste rate, adsorption rate, and other parameters as indicators, the optimal alcohol precipitation process and macroporous resin purification technique were determined by investigating the alcohol precipitation temperature, alcohol precipitation time, macroporous resin type, and other factors. The optimum alcohol precipitation process is as follows. Take 1.0 g/mL solution and add ethanol to make the alcohol content reach 80%. Then, perform alcohol precipitation once and leave it at 25 ℃ for 12 h. Finally, pass it through a suction filter to obtain alcohol precipitate and dry it at 70 ℃. Optimum purification technique is as follows. Load 1 BV sample (2.0 mg/mL) and pass it through AB-8 resin at the rate of 2 BV/h, followed by elution through 3 BV pure water at the rate of 3 BV/h. The results show that the optimized process is stable and reliable and can be used for purifying.

The differences in botanical characters, phenological characteristics, and yield between the new Trichosanthes kirilowii line KXY-001 and the traditional Trichosanthes kirilowii line were compared by regional test. The results showed that KXY-001 had obvious trunk, rapid growth, high yield, and stability. Further, KXY-001 could blossom and bear fruits in the first year after planting and enter the high yield period in the second year. The fresh fruit yield per mu of biennial and triennial plants increased by 78.48% and 41.25%, respectively, compared to the traditional strains. The total saponin content of KXY-001 was higher than that of the traditional control strains for three consecutive years, which were 4.54%, 7.27%, and 5.08% respectively. KXY-001 new line has higher yield and stable regional adaptability, and its comprehensive characters are better than the traditional lines. It is suitable for cultivation and promotion in Shandong Trichosanthes kirilowii real estate area. The research results have certain reference significance for further unveiling specific germplasm characteristics of Trichosanthes kirilowii, line promotion, and high value utilization of resources.

In this study, a method using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the analysis of volatile oil in guava leaves was developed. Several factors, including types of SPME fiber, extraction temperature, extraction time, and ionic strength of the sample solution, were optimized using single-factor optimization strategy. The optimal conditions were as follows: CAR/DVB/PDMS extraction fiber, extraction temperature of 65 ℃, extraction time of 40 min, and ionic strength of 20%. A total of 47 chemical compounds were identified, including eight types of ketones, 14 types of aldehydes, five types of esters, six types of alcohols, four types of olefins,two types of acids, and others, such as phenols. The identified components account for 93.97% of the total chemical constitutes in guava leaves, calculated using the peak area normalization method. This method provides methods and data support for the study of the medicinal value of guava leaves.

A quality control method to quantify berberine and leonurine in Lishitonglin Granules via HPLC was established.The content of berberine was determined using the Diamonsil-C18 chromatographic column (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) and acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid(50:50,V/V)solution with 0.1 g sodium dodecyl sulfate per 100 mL of the solution as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was 265 nm. The content of leonurine was determined using the Diamonsil-C18 chromatographic column(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm).The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (24:76, V/V) containing 0.4% sodium octane sulfonate. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was 277 nm. The results showed that berberine was linear in the range of 0.052~0.520 μg(r=0.999 6) and leonurine was linear in the range of 0.039 6~0.396 0 μg (r=0.999 1). Further, there was a good linear relationship between injection volume and peak area. The recovery rate of berberine was 98.51%~102.1%, with relative standard deviation(RSD) of 2.08% (n=6).The recovery rate of leonurine was 99.90%~102.6%, with RSD of 1.13% (n=6). The established method has high specificity, good reproducibility, and ease of operation and can be used for the quality control analysis of Lishitonglin Granules.

In this study, high performance liquid chromatography was performed to detect the content of six flavonoids in 22 batches of mulberry leaves purchased from different regions of the country. Precision, stability, repeatability, sample recovery rate, and flavonoid content were measured to determine the types and contents of flavonoids in mulberry leaves from different regions. The results showed that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the chromatographic peak area detected by precision and stability tests were both <1%， this indicates that the detection instrument and operation meet the precision requirements. The amount of flavonoids considerably varied in mulberry leaves from different regions. Among them, the total amount of flavonoids in mulberry leaves collected from Bozhou, Anhui; Mianyang, Sichuan; and Yulin, Guangxi was high, followed by that in leaves collected from Shangqiu, Henan; Tongxiang, Zhejiang; Taixing, Jiangsu; and Xiangyang, Hubei. The total amount of flavonoids in mulberry leaves collected from Shaoyang, Hunan was the lowest. The results suggest that the content of flavonoids in mulberry leaves from different regions is different. The determination of the content of flavonoids in mulberry leaves via high performance liquid chromatography is easy to operate, stable, and repeatable. 

In order to comprehensively understand the status of wild medicinal plant resources in Anqiu, utilizing global positioning system, the methods of plot sampling, line sampling, and other common investigation strategies were adopted. Results show that a total of 335 wild plant species were found in Anqiu. Among them,272 kinds can be used as medicine,19 key wild medicinal species of Shandong and 99 species documented in pharmacopoeias. Six wild plants were discovered for the first time in Shandong. This survey can provide reliable data for the scientific protection, utilization, and development strategies of traditional Chinese medicinal resources in Anqiu. Moreover, the emergence of a new distribution pattern enriches plant species in Shandong.

The traditional Chinese medicine identification characteristics of Periplaneta americana L. were summarized via pharmacognosy and molecular pharmacognosy. The purpose of this study is to ensure the safety of P.americana when used as a traditional Chinese medicine component. First, the morphological and microscopic characteristics of P. americana were observed and recorded using a high-performance stereomicroscope and a biological digital microscope. Then, the molecular identification method was used to perform PCR amplification and sequencing on the DNA of P. americana. To verify the accuracy of pharmacognosy identification, the obtained sequencing results were compared with the data in the DNA bar code identification system of traditional Chinese medicine and the detection results were compared with the morphological identification results. The body wall fragments of P. americana are attached to a scaly texture, and the inner and outer layers of the body wall are distinct. The bristles of P. americana are segmented into coarse and fine types, and their color differences are obvious. The compound eye fragments of P. americana have obvious characteristics. The result of molecular pharmacognosy was P. americana (Insecta: Blattodea: Blattidae). The homology was 100%. Through this experiment, we can confirm the identification characteristics of P. americana as a Chinese medicinal material and provide experimental basis for its safe use.

The effects of various concentrations of hydrochloric acid, material-to-liquid ratios, and extraction times on the extraction of glutamate in Eupolyphaga Steleophaga were compared using an amino acid analyzer to establish a method to measure the glutamate content in Eupolyphaga Steleophaga. The results showed that the best extraction process for glutamic acid in Eupolyphaga Steleophaga was a material-to-liquid ratio of 1:1 (mg/mL), 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and hydrolysis time of 22 h. The recovery rate of the glutamic acid analyzer method was 99.2%, and the relative standard deviation of the precision test was 0.19%. There were significant differences in the glutamate content in Eupolyphaga Steleophaga from different regions, ranging from 1.068% to 1.149%. The method is reproducible, fast, efficient, and easy to perform. It is suitable for the detection of amino acid content in Eupolyphaga Steleophaga and can provide technical support for its quality control and in-depth resource development.

The species Cardamine leucantha(Tausch) O. E. Schulz is reported as a new record from the Shandong Province of China in a plant resources survey at Jiuru Hill，it belongs to the genus Cardamine of the family Brassicaceae. Based on field investigations and specimen studies, we updated its morphological characters and discussed the distribution of C. leucantha and the significance of its new distribution. Meanwhile, a key to the classification of Cardamine in Shandong province is provided.

The agar plate-drilling method, Oxford cup method, and drug-sensitive tablet method were used to detect the in vitro bacteriostatic activities of ten Chinese herbal medicines, namely Paederia scandens, Lycii cortex, Pulsatillae radix, Isatidis folium, Taraxaci Herba, Schisandrae chinensis Fructus, Mume fructus, Folium artemisiae argyi, Coptidis rhizoma, and Salviae miltiorrhizae radix, on Salmonella pullorum. In addition, a single Chinese herbal medicine with better in vitro bacteriostatic effect was screened. The results showed that Schisandrae chinensis fructus and Mume fructus were highly sensitive to Salmonella pullorum, whereas Salviae miltiorrhizae radix and Coptidis rhizoma were generally sensitive to Salmonella pullorum. The other six Chinese herbal medicines were not sensitive to Salmonella pullorum. These results suggest that Schisandrae chinensis fructus and Mume frutus have certain antibacterial effects on Salmonella pullorum and that different Chinese herbal medicines have different antibacterial effects. This study provides a basis for the clinical treatment of Salmonella pullorum as well as for the development of Chinese herbal medicine preparations.

Chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate part from 95% ethanol extract of flowers of Fritillariae Thunbergii Miq.were studied herein. Positive silica gel column chromatography, reverse C18 medium pressure column chromatography, and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography were used for the separation and purification. The structures of the obtained compounds were identified using NMR and MS. From the ethyl acetate extract of the flowers of Fritillariae Thunbergii Miq., eight compounds were isolated and identified, which included n-nonacosane(1), linoleic acid(2), palmitic acid(3), trans-ferulic acid(4), trans-p-hydroxy cinnamic acid(5), caffeic acid(6), esculetin(7), and Z-p-hydroxyl cinnamic acid (8). To the best of our knowledge, compound 1~8 are all isolated from this plant for the first time.