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Sparse array optimization method using a dynamic genetic algorithm YAO Fengwei Shandong Science    2026, 39 (4): 79-86.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025046 Accepted: 09 December 2025 Online available: 09 December 2025 Abstract （2896）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （1732KB）（827）       Knowledge map    To address the optimization challenges associated with two-dimensional sparse arrays, this study proposes an improved dynamic genetic algorithm.This algorithm focuses on reducing the number of array elements while enhancing peak sidelobe suppression. This proposed algorithm introduces an evolutionary completion index that integrates the number of iterations and population fitness to accurately characterize the evolutionary progress of the population. In addition, according to this index, dynamically adjustable crossover and mutation operators are designed, which enable the algorithm to flexibly adjust crossover and mutation probabilities to satisfy the needs of different optimization stages, thereby improving the overall optimization performance.The experimental results revealed that compared with traditional genetic algorithms, the proposed algorithmcan effectively suppress the peak sidelobe ratio by more than 3.9 dB in sparse array optimization, thereby exhibiting robust adaptability and stability across various sparsity levels. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation and location optimization of public charging stations using multisource spatiotemporal data HE Jia, HU Yanlei, WANG Tao Shandong Science    2026, 39 (3): 22-32.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025061 Accepted: 07 January 2026 Online available: 07 January 2026 Abstract （2659）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （5131KB）（625）       Knowledge map    With the increasing number of new energy vehicles globally, the density and spatial distribution of urban public charging infrastructure lag behind demand. Moreover, supply-demand imbalance has become an increasingly prominent issue, posing a key bottleneck in the development of green mobility. To address this challenge, this study considers Shunyi District, Beijing, as a case study to propose a comprehensive evaluation and location optimization method for public charging stations using multisource spatiotemporal data. By combining multisource spatiotemporal data such as vehicle trajectories and points of interest, we constructed a spatiotemporal distribution model of urban charging demand to accurately characterize the dynamic charging loads in different functional zones. Furthermore, through traffic accessibility analysis and charging behavior simulation, the effectiveness of the layout of the existing stations is quantitatively assessed and service blind spots are identified. The results reveal that the service capacity in some high-demand areas of Shunyi District is insufficient, with considerable coverage gaps. To overcome this issue, we used the K-means clustering algorithm to identify the cores of unmet demand and proposed a priority-based construction plan for new stations. This study provides a theoretical basis and a practical approach for mitigating regional supply-demand imbalances and enhancing the scientific layout and systemic adaptability of urban public charging facilities. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Road adaptability simulation of double-trailer trains based on vehicle dynamics QU Huaikun, YAN Xincai, QUAN Yukun, SONG Yunlong, LIU Qingjie, ZHAO Kan, QIU Zhaowen Shandong Science    2026, 39 (4): 87-96.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025070 Accepted: 27 January 2026 Online available: 27 January 2026 Abstract （2448）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （3471KB）（722）       Knowledge map    To investigate the adaptability of double-trailer trains on typical roads in China, two simulation models for double-trailer trains were developed based on vehicle dynamics. Typical road scenarios, such as freeway ramps, freeways, U-turns, interchanges, and intersections, were constructed on the Trucksim platform. The road adaptability of double-trailer trains was simulated and evaluated based on maximum swept road width and rearward amplification factor. Simulation results reveal that both models travel normally along the target trajectory and exhibit high adaptability to the constructed scenarios, except for scenarios with excessively small turning radii or low road adhesion coefficients. A comparative analysis reveals that the rear unit of the C-double model achieves a higher degree of trajectory coincidence between the rear unit and tractor unit, thereby demonstrating better pass ability, whereas the B-double model, with wheel connections between all units, is more stable during driving. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the mechanism of protocatechuic acid against RSV pneumonia via proteomics and molecular dynamics simulation SUN Xiaolin, WANG Lin, ZHOU Xinyi, WANG Cheng, ZHANG Mengru, DU Haitao, WANG Ping Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 21-30.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025112 Accepted: 01 July 2026 Online available: 01 July 2026 Abstract （1221）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （4231KB）（66）       Knowledge map    This study investigates the pharmacological effects of protocatechuic acid on mice with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia and its potential multi-target mechanisms of action. A BALB/c mouse model of RSV infection was established to observe behavioral changes, assess lung tissue pathology, organ indices, and levels of inflammatory cytokines. Proteomics was employed to identify differential proteins involved in the treatment of RSV pneumonia by protocatechuic acid, followed by Gene Ontology functional annotation, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment, and protein-protein interaction network analysis. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to validate the binding stability of protocatechuic acid with core targets. Protocatechuic acid significantly ameliorated RSV-induced weight loss, pulmonary histopathology, and excessive inflammatory cytokine release in mice. A total of 8 357 proteins were identified through proteomics, with 142 proteins differentially expressed and primarily enriched in the interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathways, retinol metabolism, and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinity between protocatechuic acid and key targets such as mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 and insulin-like growth factor 1. Molecular dynamics simulations further indicated robust stability of the complex system. Protocatechuic acid may exert its anti-RSV effects by regulating IL-17- and TNF-related signaling pathways, thereby suppressing excessive inflammatory responses. This mechanism involves synergistic regulation across multiple targets and pathways, providing theoretical support for developing antiviral drugs from active components of traditional Chinese medicine. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of active constituents from Polygonum orientale L. on the expression of transporters under physiological and pathological conditions LUO Qiuyun, SUN Jia, LIU Donghui, LI Yongjun, XUE Weina Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 9-20.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025089 Accepted: 30 April 2026 Online available: 30 April 2026 Abstract （1217）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （5601KB）（145）       Knowledge map    Polygonum orientale L. has an anti-myocardial ischemia effect, and the metabolic processes of its active constituents exhibits considerable differences under physiological and pathological conditions. Considering the role of transporters in the pathological process of myocardial ischemia and the metabolism of xenobiotics, this study aims to investigate the effects of the active constituents in Polygonum orientale L. on the expressions of liver transporters in rats under physiological and pathological conditions.Network pharmacology was used to screen myocardial ischemia-related targets, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Based on a literature review, hepatic transporters and pathways related to myocardial ischemia were identified. Morever, molecular docking was used to predict the binding affinity between the active constituents of Polygonum orientale L. and regulatory proteins of transporters. A rat model of myocardial ischemia was established, and the effects of Polygonum orientale L. extract on the expressions of hepatic transporters were detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Results revealed that network pharmacology analysis identified 428 common target genes associated with myocardial ischemia and transport proteins. PPI analysis yielded 36 key nodes, and GO and KEGG analyses revealed substantial enrichment of these targets in inflammatory responses, ABC transporters, PPAR signaling pathway, among others. Based on the literature review, seven hepatic transporters, including BCRP, MRP, and P-gp, were observed to be associated with myocardial ischemia. Molecular docking suggested high binding affinity between active constituents of Polygonum orientale L. and upstream regulatory proteins of transporters. Furthermore, animal experiments revealed that Polygonum orientale L. extract upregulated the expressions of MRP1, MRP2, OATP2, OCT1, OCT2, and P-gp in normal rats, and downregulated the protein expressions of BCRP, MRP2, OATP2, OCT1, OCT2, and P-gp in rats with myocardial ischemia. These results indicate that the active constituents of Polygonum orientale L. can regulate hepatic transporters under physiological and pathological conditions, and their mechanism may be related to their binding to upstream regulatory proteins of hepatic transporters. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the lipid-lowering activity and mechanism of Betukladin based on a zebrafish model DU Xingshuo, ZHAN Wen, GAO Songying, SUN Changgao, XU Mingxian, ZHANG Sichen, LI Hongliang, XIA Qing, HE Qiuxia Shandong Science    2026, 39 (1): 43-52.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025085 Accepted: 20 January 2026 Online available: 20 January 2026 Abstract （1058）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （4238KB）（34）       Knowledge map    Betukladin is a dietary supplement composed of reindeer lichen powder and birch bark extract, possessing various pharmacological activities such as blood glucose regulation, lipid lowering, anti-inflammatory effects, and anticoagulation. This study investigates the lipid-lowering activity and underlying mechanism of Betukladin, aiming to validate its efficacy and provide a scientific basis for developing safe and economical natural lipid-lowering drugs. Using a zebrafish hyperlipidemia model, we found that Betukladin significantly improved the elevated Oil Red O staining integrated optical density values, triglyceride levels, and total cholesterol levels induced by high-fat modeling, indicating its lipid-lowering activity. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that Betukladin may exert its lipid-lowering effects through multiple coordinated pathways, including lipid and atherosclerosis pathways and the PPAR signaling pathway. RT-qPCR results showed that it can regulate lipid metabolism-related genes (apoA1, LDLR, and ANGPTL3), fatty acid synthesis and oxidation genes (SREBF1, FASN, PPARα, and cpt1a,), and cholesterol metabolism-related genes (CYP7A1, HMGCR, ABCG5, and ABCG8). Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mendelian randomization analysis of the causal relationship between lipids and type 2 diabetes mellitus LIU Xiaonan, MA Xuran, HUANG Qijing, ZHANG Han, ZHANG Xin Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 31-36.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025072 Accepted: 08 September 2026 Online available: 08 September 2026 Abstract （1013）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （1844KB）（14）       Knowledge map    To systematically investigate the causal relationship between lipids and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), this study used a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach and summary data from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to infer causal associations between 179 lipids and T2DM. Single nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with lipid levels were selected as instrumental variables. Analyses including inverse variance weighting and MR-Egger regression were performed, together with sensitivity analyses to verify the robustness of the findings. The results indicated that 12 lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine (O-18:0_20:4) (OR=1.075, 95% CI: 1.011~1.143, P=0.022), were positively associated with T2DM risk, suggesting their potential role in promoting disease development. In addition, 19 lipids, including phosphatidylcholine (15:0_18:2) (OR=0.960, 95% CI: 0.933~0.988, P=0.005), exhibited protective effects and may reduce the risk of T2DM. Sensitivity analyses revealed no significant horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity, indicating the robustness and high reliability of the findings. From a genetic perspective, this study confirms the causal roles of specific lipid molecules in the development of T2DM, providing new evidence for elucidating its underlying pathological mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic targets. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Network pharmacology study and experimental validation of the Radix Aconiti-Cortex Phellodendri combination for the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis and molecular docking CAO Mingchen, JING Fanbo, WANG Wenxiao, ZHANG Zenan, LI Wenjing, CHENG Shaoyuan, SHAO Yanlin, YU Hongxia, MENG Fangang Shandong Science    2026, 39 (1): 31-42.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025006 Accepted: 09 December 2025 Online available: 09 December 2025 Abstract （967）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （6891KB）（30）       Knowledge map    We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) using the Radix Aconiti-Cortex Phellodendri combination, based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and network pharmacology. A total of 301 active compounds were identified from the Radix Aconiti-Cortex Phellodendri combination, associated with 3 273 potential targets.WGCNA was used to analyze RAU-related genes. The Venn diagram package in R software was employed to identify intersections between drug-related targets and WGCNA modules. Pathway and process enrichment analyses, along with hierarchical clustering, were conducted using KEGG Pathway, GO Biological Processes, and Reactome Gene Sets. These analyses highlighted involvement in apoptosis regulation and signaling, glutathione metabolism, PI3K signaling abnormalities, resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, cytokine signaling in the immune system, the PPAR-α pathway, and other processes related to immune regulation, metabolism, and tissue repair.Using the MCODE plugin in Cytoscape v3.7.2, key hub genes within functional modules were identified, including ERBB2, CD44, NFKB1, and MMP2. Molecular docking showed that ERBB2 interacted with most active compounds; diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum and flavonoids from Phellodendron primarily targeted CD44; alkaloids from Phellodendron targeted MMP2; and both monoester and diester Aconitum alkaloids mainly targeted NFKB1. These findings suggest a complementary and synergistic effect between the two herbs in preventing RAU recurrence.Experimental validation showed that benzoylmesaconine, a core compound, significantly reduced LPS-induced ROS levels in macrophages, indicating thatRadix Aconiti, as the principal herb (Jun Yao), exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through metabolic regulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploring the mechanisms underlying the differences in the “warming the middle to dispel cold” effects of dried and baked ginger based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with network pharmacology LI Junxian, LIU Shuang, MI Yuzhang, LU Tengfei, WANG Xiao, DONG Hongjing, LIU Ziyao Shandong Science    2026, 39 (1): 21-30.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025015 Accepted: 19 November 2025 Online available: 19 November 2025 Abstract （880）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （4015KB）（43）       Knowledge map    Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was used to analyze the differences in chemical composition of dried and baked ginger.Then, network pharmacology was applied to investigate the mechanisms underlying their differences in efficacy. The chemical components of dried and baked ginger were analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, and the differential compounds were screened using partial least squares-discriminant analysisand random forest methods. SuperPRED and GeneCards databases were employed to retrieve drug and disease targets, respectively.Common targets were identified using Venn diagram mapping. Protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using the STRING database, and key targets were subjected to GO and KEGG enrichment analyses using the DAVID database.The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS identified 61 chemical components, screening out 13 differential compounds (e.g., 7-gingerol, 12-gingerol, and gingerenone A). The network pharmacology results revealed that dried ginger mainly acts on targets such as MAPK1, PTGS1, and OPRD1, mediating the expression of signaling pathways such as interleukin-17, toll-like receptor, and TNF to alleviate inflammatory responses, exerting a “warming the middle to relieve pain” effect. Baked ginger mainly targets APEX1, SLC6A5, and NFKB1, mediating the HIF-1 signaling pathway, neurotrophin signaling pathways, and apoptosis to block pain signal transmission, exerting a “warming the middle to dispelling cold” effect. By integrating chemical composition analysis and network pharmacology, this study elucidated the mechanisms underlying the distinct therapeutic effects of dried and baked ginger, providing a scientific basis for their clinical applications. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of differential metabolites in different parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb. based on non-targeted metabolomics technology ZHANG Xuxin, ZHANG Luzhe, LIN Shuqian, ZHAO Zengcheng, MENG Zhaoqing, DONG Xiaodi, CAO Guiyun, HE Jixiang, WANG Daijie Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 29-41.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240129 Accepted: 09 July 2025 Online available: 09 July 2025 Abstract （619）   HTML （151）    PDF（pc） （4391KB）（107）       Knowledge map    To investigate the metabolic differences among different parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb.,a nontargeted metabolomics study was conducted on its stems, leaves, and flowers using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).Intotal,773 metabolites in positive-ion mode and 572 and 572 metabolites in negative-ion mode were identified in samples from different parts of L. japonica Thunb.; 553 differential metabolites were detected by comparing leaves and flowers; and 471 differential metabolites were detected by comparing stems and flowers, mainly phenolic acids, amino acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, and isoflavones. The pathways related to differential metabolites mainly include phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, purine metabolism, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study analyzed the predominant compounds and important metabolic pathways involved in different parts of L. japonica Thunb.,i.e.,the stems,leaves, and flowers,comparing them with medically used flowers. The findings provides a scientific basis for the further development and utilization of L. japonica Thunb. resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Difference analysis of ginsenosides in different parts of Panax quinquefolius L. based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry LIU Yuemeng, DONG Hongjing, XIE Yao, WANG Xiao, LIU Jing, LI Lili Shandong Science    2026, 39 (3): 12-21.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025064 Accepted: 12 December 2025 Online available: 12 December 2025 Abstract （579）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （5170KB）（384）       Knowledge map    Ginsenosides are important chemical components of Panax quinquefolius L. and are closely related to its pharmacological activities. In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was used for high-throughput analysis of ginsenosides in the roots, leaves, and seeds of Panax quinquefolius L., leading to the identification of 72 ginsenosides across these parts. Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed significant differences in the content and types of ginsenosides among the different plant parts. Based on statistical significance (p<0.05) and biological significance (fold change>4), 23 differential saponins were identified in the roots vs. leaves comparison, 26 in the roots vs. seeds comparison, and 27 in the leaves vs. seeds comparison. Content analysis revealed that the total amounts of Rg1, Re, and Rb1 in the leaves and roots were roughly equivalent and higher than in the seeds, while most other ginsenosides were more abundant in the leaves and roots than in the seeds. The pseudo-ginsenoside F11, which is unique to Panax quinquefolius L., was most abundant in the leaves, whereas acetylated pseudo-ginsenoside F11 was most abundant in the roots. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1, acetylated ginsenoside Rg1, and quinquenoside IV were all significantly different among the three parts and could serve as markers for differentiation. This study reveals distinct ginsenoside profiles in the roots, leaves, and seeds of Panax quinquefolius L., providing technical support for its efficient development and utilization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation and physiological characterization of a Bacillus proteolyticus strain ZHENG Keran, TAN Fumin, LI Qifeng, WANG Tong, ZHANG Xiaomei, GAO Cuijuan Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 45-52.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025065 Accepted: 12 December 2025 Online available: 12 December 2025 Abstract （565）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （2336KB）（992）       Knowledge map    Abacterial strain capable of producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) was isolated from soil and identified as Bacillus proteolyticus strain based on morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The strain was designated as LY0. Experimental results showed that LY0 secreted various extracellular products, including extracellular enzymes and EPS. Antimicrobial activity, assessed by inhibition zone assays, showed that LY0 inhibited the growth of several bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Viscosity measurements of LY0 liquid cultures revealed a peak at 24 h. Different carbon sources were added to the fermentation medium, and EPS yield was determined using the phenol-sulfuric acid method following purification with dialysis and trichloroacetic acid. The results showed that, compared with other carbon sources, sucrose yielded the highest EPS production (32.2 mg/L), suggesting that sucrose is the optimal carbon source for EPS production by LY0. The Bacillus proteolyticus strain obtained in this study can be used for microbial EPS production and holds broad application prospects. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of B418 on the yield of continuously cropped rape(Brassica chinensis L.)and on the nitrogen-cycling and carbon-fixation gene cbbL in rhizosphere soils WANG Yilian, HU Jindong, HUANG Dingli, XU Weisheng, YANG Hetong, LI Jishun, HE Chunyu Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 37-44.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025076 Accepted: 23 December 2025 Online available: 23 December 2025 Abstract （540）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （1624KB）（1039）       Knowledge map    To clarify how B418 alleviates the limitations imposed by continuous-cropping obstacle soils on rape production, a plot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenously applied B418 on the emergence, survival, and yield of rape, as well as on nitrogen transformation-related genes and carbon-fixation genes in the rhizosphere soil of continuously cropped rape (Brassica chinensis L.). Correlations between functional gene abundance and yield were also analyzed to provide a scientific basis for increasing the yield of continuously cropped vegetables. The results showed that in mildly secondary salinized obstacle soil I (pH 4.3, EC 1 361 μS/cm) and severely secondary salinized obstacle soil II (pH 4.6, EC 2 200 μS/cm), B418 significantly increased the emergence rate, survival rate, and yield of rape and increased the absolute abundance of the carbon-fixation gene cbbL in rhizosphere soil. In soil I, B418 treatment increased the abundance of the nitrogenase gene nifH and the ammonia monooxygenase gene amoA, but decreased the abundance of the nitrous oxide reductase gene nosZ. In soil II, B418 treatment increased the abundance of nifH while decreasing the abundance of amoA, the nitrite reductase genes nirK and nirS, and nosZ, with significant differences between treatments. These results indicate that exogenously added B418 can inhibit rhizosphere nitrification and denitrification in continuously cropped rape. Correlation analysis showed that yield was positively correlated with the abundance of cbbL and nifH, negatively correlated with nirK, and significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of amoA, nirS, and nosZ. The abundance of amoA was extremely significantly positively correlated with that of nosZ, indicating that yield improvement in continuously cropped rape is closely related to rhizosphere microbial carbon-fixation and nitrogen-cycling capacities, as well as to the inhibition of nitrification and denitrification. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the synoptic background, environmental conditions, and radar characteristics of three tornadic circulations in Northeastern Henan MA Huiyan Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 105-113.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025131 Accepted: 06 July 2026 Online available: 06 July 2026 Abstract （529）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （6668KB）（54）       Knowledge map    To gain an in-depth understanding of the formation mechanisms of tornadoes in Henan and enhance the accuracy of tornado monitoring and early warning operations, this study comparatively analyzes the synoptic background, environmental conditions, and radar characteristics of three tornado events in northeastern Henan Province using conventional meteorological observations, ERA5 reanalysis data, and Doppler radar data, and summarizes local tornado forecasting and warning indicators. The results show that: (1) All three tornadoes occurred over the plain areas of Puyang City in northeastern Henan during the period from June to July. The “22·6” and “23·7” tornadoes occurred around midday, whereas the “09·7” tornado occurred in the evening. The “09·7” and “23·7” events were accompanied by regional short-duration heavy rainfall, whereas the “22·6” tornado featured localized short-duration heavy rainfall and minor hail.(2) Although all three events developed under the influence of the Northeast China Cold Vortex, unlike the upper-level cold advection-forced “22·6” tornado, the “09·7” and “23·7” tornadoes were warm advection-forced. Surface convergence lines or mesoscale cyclones provided dynamic forcing for all events. (3) All three events exhibited low lifting condensation levels and strong low-level vertical wind shear. The “09·7” and “23·7” tornadoes featured thicker near-surface moisture layers and stronger low-level wind shear, whereas the “22·6” event showed a pronounced dry layer, a lower wet-bulb zero level, and the greatest temperature difference between 850 and 500 hPa. (4) Prior to tornadogenesis, the parent convective systems of all three events showed enhanced echo centers and evolved into bow-shaped, hook-shaped, or vortex-like structures. Velocity fields exhibited the coexistence of low-level cyclonic convergence and mid-level rotational ascent. The “22·6” event had the strongest echo intensity but weak vortex signatures and a shallow structure; the “09·7” tornado had the strongest vortex intensity and deepest rotational thickness; the “23·7” event had the weakest echo intensity and lowest tornado vortex signature value (potentially radar-limited), but a greater vertical depth. This study provides a reference for forecasting and warning services for tornadic severe weather. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Lifecycle carbon emission assessment and carbon emission reduction analysis of solid-waste-based porcelain aggregates XIN Gongfeng, LI Xuan, YANG Yanfeng, MA Chuanyi, JI Xiaoge, FEI Xiaoqin, SHAO Yingying Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 76-84.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025071 Accepted: 27 January 2026 Online available: 27 January 2026 Abstract （519）   HTML （3）    PDF（pc） （2185KB）（738）       Knowledge map    Low-carbon resource recovery technologies for solid waste are one of the key pathways for attaining China’s carbon neutrality agenda. A lifecycle carbon emission assessment model for aggregates was constructed for comparative analysis, and sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted to identify key factors influencing carbon reduction. Results show that the lifecycle carbon emissions of clay-based aggregates and solid-waste-based porcelain aggregates are 313.70 and 291.19 kg/t, respectively, with the production stage contributing the largest proportions (84.59% and 85.08%,respectively). The carbon emission factors of transportation and raw material consumption are the main factors influencing the lifecycle carbon emissions of aggregates. In the future, the solid-waste-based porcelain aggregate industry can achieve carbon reduction through the following three measures: replacing diesel heavy trucks with electric heavy trucks, increasing the blending ratio of industrial solid wastes such as red mud, and optimizing the grid power. These integrated solutions provide a systematic framework for carbon reduction in the recycled aggregate industry while advancing circular economy objectives. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on algae inhibition efficiency of activated carbon-modified microspheres and mechanism of microcystin release control WEN Xinru, ZHOU Yuan, DENG Tiantian, WANG Xiangchun, YANG Weiqi, ZHANG Liqiu, FENG Li Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 65-75.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025066 Accepted: 07 January 2026 Online available: 07 January 2026 Abstract （494）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （4007KB）（668）       Knowledge map    To address the ecological and health risks associated with frequent cyanobacterial blooms, it is crucial to overcome the limitations of existing algal control technologies—such as secondary chemical pollution from chemical methods, the high cost of physical methods, and the slow response of biological approaches—by developing efficient and environmentally safe algal inhibitors. In this study, an environmentally responsive, activated carbon-based sustained-release microsphere (CM-AC@SM), encapsulating gallic acid and pyrogallic acid, was developed. The effects of temperature (15, 25, 35 ℃) and pH (5.0, 7.0, 9.0) on its release performance were systematically investigated, and its inhibitory effect on Microcystis aeruginosa as well as its regulation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) were evaluated. The results showed that the microspheres exhibit dual responsiveness to temperature and pH: both the drug release rate and swelling ratio were significantly positively correlated with temperature, and notably increased under high-pH conditions. Under simulated algal bloom conditions (35 ℃, pH 9.0), the microspheres demonstrated excellent performance—the algae inhibition rate increased significantly by 23.7% to 41.5%, and the MC-LR release rate decreased by 62.3%, effectively mitigating environmental risk. Furthermore, they promoted intracellular accumulation of MC-LR by 38.9%, achieving enhanced control through a “retention and efficacy boosting” effect. The CM-AC@SM microspheres innovatively employ an environment-triggered sustained-release mechanism to synergistically drive a dual-path regulation strategy—namely, inhibition of intracellular toxin synthesis and blockade of extracellular leakage. This dual-path synergy effectively avoids the traditional issue with chemical algicides of “toxin release upon algal death”, ultimately achieving coordinated goals of algae inhibition and ecological toxicity reduction. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the commercial specifications and grading standards for Piperis Fructus FENG Wangyin, FU Yan, XU Qingqing, ZHOU Tao, YANG Changgui, ZHANG Jinqiang, XIAO Chenghong Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025083 Accepted: 05 June 2026 Online available: 05 June 2026 Abstract （486）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （1490KB）（62）       Knowledge map    To study the commercial specifications and grading standards for Piperis Fructus, 40 samples of Piperis Fructus collected from the herbal markets were analyzed. Based on the literature review and market investigation, the appearance traits of Piperis Fructus were selected. Descriptive statistics,analysis of variance, confidence intervals of the means, practical production conditions, and market operability were employed to determine the grading indicators of Piperis Fructus. In addition, piperine content was used as a quality indicator to analyze differences among different grades and to examine the correlation between appearance traits and piperine content. The literature review and market investigation revealed that Piperis Fructus with larger plump and stronger aroma has traditionally been considered superior, and is classified into two categories: white pepper and black pepper. Data analysis showed that was significantly different in grain number of 50 g, using the grain number of 50 g as a classification index of Piperis Fructus. In accordance with the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopeia and practical production considerations, two specifications (white pepper and black pepper) and two grades (selected and standard) were defined. Multiple comparisons indicated that the piperine content in selected white pepper was significantly higher than that in selected black pepper. Correlation analysis showed that piperine content in both white and black pepper was significantly negatively correlated with the number of grains per 50 g, but did not significantly correlate with diameter or damage rate. This study establishes commercial specifications and grading standards for Piperis Fructus based on appearance traits, which align with current market conditions and could serve as a reference for standardizing market transactions and circulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Measurement and forecasting of marine economic development in Shandong Province from the perspective of new quality productive forces DU Xinxin, WANG Qi, HU Jianting, ZHAO Zhonghua, ZHANG Yingchun, TIAN Jingyun Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 126-140.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20260089 Accepted: 31 July 2026 Online available: 31 July 2026 Abstract （467）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （3208KB）（29）       Knowledge map    New quality productive forces constitute the core driving force for high-quality development of the marine economy. Measuring the development of marine new quality productive forces is essential for evaluating the high-quality development of marine economy. This study elaborates on the theoretical connotation of marine new quality productive forces, constructs a corresponding evaluation index system, and employs the analytic hierarchy process—entropy weight combination weighting method and grey system model—to analyze and predict the development level of marine new quality productive forces in Shandong Province between 2011—2024 and the development trend between 2025—2029. The results indicate that: (1) the marine new quality productive forces in Shandong Province has undergone a three-stage evolution characterized by “steady climbing-accelerated growth-high-level adjustment”, where green productivity and innovative productivity serve as the core driving indicators, while open productivity is significantly affected by changes in the external environment; (2) compared with the other ten coastal provinces, Shandong Province ranked third in terms of average value during 2011—2024 and progressed to second place in 2024, maintaining an overall leading position. However, there is still a room for improvement in economic quality and efficiency as well as open productivity; (3) the prediction shows that the level of marine new quality productive forces in Shandong Province will continue to rise during 2025—2029, gradually shifting from medium-high-quality growth to high-quality growth. Based on these findings, policy recommenditions are proposed to promote the high-quality development of Shandong Province’s marine economy, focusing on innovation-driven development, green transformation, improvement of economic quality and efficiency, high-level opening up, shared prosperity, and improvements in public services. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A numerical study on temperature distributions at outlet of a three-swirl staged combustion chamber YU Jianqiao, JIANG Shan, SONG Yujia, WANG Chengjun Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 114-125.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025080 Accepted: 10 April 2026 Online available: 10 April 2026 Abstract （460）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （4669KB）（177）       Knowledge map    To analyze the impact of the three-stage swirler structure on the temperature distributions at the outlet of a centrally staged combustion chamber, in this study, we developed a combined structure of pilot-stage and main-stage swirlers under different swirl numbers to establish a combustion chamber model with a single-head flame tube and performed numerical simulations to systematically investigate how adjusting the swirl number of each stage affects the combustion chamber outlet temperature distribution. The results show that when the pilot-stage swirler rotates in the opposite direction and both the first and second stages have a swirl number of 0.85, the temperature distribution inside the combustion chamber is more favorable. Moreover, when the swirl number of the main combustion stage swirler is 1.39, the high-temperature combustion zone becomes more uniform, the combustion process is more complete and the overall temperature distribution is good. Under this condition, both the outlet temperature distribution coefficient and the outlet radial temperature distribution coefficient are reduced to their lowest points, indicating that the non-uniformity of the combustion chamber outlet temperature field has been significantly improved and the temperature distribution has reached the optimal uniformity. This parameter combination has good engineering adaptability and contributes to improved combustion efficiency and extended service life of key downstream components such as turbine guide vanes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of spatial-temporal evolution of green innovation capacity in the nine provinces(regions) along the Yellow River under a green and low-carbon context WANG Jing, JIANG Mingyue, WANG Shuyang Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 94-104.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025108 Accepted: 23 March 2026 Online available: 23 March 2026 Abstract （451）   HTML （3）    PDF（pc） （2462KB）（366）       Knowledge map    Understanding the spatial-temporal evolution of green innovation capacity in the nine provinces along the Yellow River is of great significance for promoting ecological conservation and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, as well as for implementing China’s national green and low-carbon strategies. Based on relevant data from these provinces from 2014 to 2023, this study constructs an evaluation indicator system for green innovation capacity and conducts an in-depth analysis using the super-efficiency SBM-GML model, Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition, and kernel density estimation. The results reveal several key findings: the green technological innovation capacity of the nine provinces shows a significant policy-driven effect but lacks sustainability; spatial disparities among regions exhibit gradient differentiation; the dynamic evolution demonstrates both polarization and convergence; and long-term performance is determined by the alignment of green innovation with resource endowments and industrial structures. In response, this study proposes that enhancing green technological innovation in these provinces requires breakthroughs in three dimensions: policy coordination, regional differentiation, and technological adaptability. This can be achieved by stabilizing expectations through market mechanisms, promoting collaboration through ecological compensation, optimizing spatial patterns through growth-pole diffusion, and improving resilience through the integration of industrial innovation, ultimately enabling the sustainable and balanced development of green innovation capacity across the basin. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatiotemporal evolution and prediction of carbon storage in the mountainous areas of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: A case study of the source region of the Yellow River LI Shan, SHEN Enting, MENG Yingpeng, CHEN Xu Shandong Science    2026, 39 (3): 54-67.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025031 Accepted: 08 September 2025 Online available: 08 September 2025 Abstract （431）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （6829KB）（517）       Knowledge map    Land-use change, as a key driving force of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle, plays a critical role in assessing carbon balance and promoting sustainable development. Based on the land-use change patterns in the source region of the Yellow River in the mountainous areas of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from 2000 to 2020, this study developed an integrated CA-Markov-InVEST-OPGD model to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of land cover and carbon storage, analyze the driving mechanism of carbon-storage changes, and predict the characteristics of carbon storage changes in a natural change scenario in the source region of the Yellow River in 2030. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, grasslands in the source region of the Yellow River declined, while unused land and water areas expanded, leading to an overall reduction in carbon storage, with high-value areas shifting toward the northwest. NDVI, elevation, and temperature were the main factors affecting carbon storage in the region, with NDVI interacting most significantly with temperature, precipitation, and population density. In the natural change scenario in 2030, the grassland area will continue to shrink while the water area will increase significantly. Carbon storage in the east and south will decline significantly, while carbon storage in some areas in the west and north will increase significantly. The overall spatial concentration of carbon storage will tend to decrease, with notable local increases and decreases. Therefore, it is essential to undertake grassland ecological protection and restoration efforts to enhance carbon sink capacity and promote regional carbon balance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of direct-contact ultrasonic vacuum drying on the drying characteristics and quality of dandelion CAI Yuanyuan, DONG Hongjing, SHAO Rencai, LIU Feng Shandong Science    2026, 39 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025032 Accepted: 18 November 2025 Online available: 18 November 2025 Abstract （417）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （1660KB）（50）       Knowledge map    This study investigated the effects of direct-contact ultrasonic vacuum drying on the drying characteristics and quality of dandelion. Dandelion samples were dried under different ultrasonic power levels and compared with samples processed via vacuum freeze-drying, shade drying, and hot-air drying in terms of color, flavonoid content, and cichoric acid content. Results showed that the drying rate increased with increasing ultrasonic power and drying temperature. The Page and Two-term models provided the best fit for the drying kinetics. The color of samples dried via direct-contact ultrasonic vacuum drying at 192 W was closest to that of fresh samples among all considered methods. At 192 W, the flavonoid content in the solution after rehydration was significantly higher than that obtained using other drying methods(p<0.05). In addition, total flavonoid and cichoric acid contents at 192 W were 57.09 and 12.35 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, comprehensive evaluation using the entropy weight-grey relational analysis method showed that the samples dried at 192 W exhibited the highest correlation degree and ranked first overall among all drying methods. This study confirms that direct-contact ultrasonic vacuum drying can effectively improve the drying characteristics and quality of dandelion, providing references for applications in food and traditional Chinese medicine. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of a load-coat-graft tri-level functionalized antioxidant and its impact on the long-term anti-aging performance of natural rubber composites ZHENG Jiawang, GUO Yuxia, LIU Xiaoyang, CHENG Xintong, LIU Zhihua, LI Sijin, ZHAO Shuai, LI Lin Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 53-64.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20260056 Abstract （417）   HTML （3）    PDF（pc） （8482KB）（23）       Knowledge map    To address the susceptibility of natural rubber (NR) to oxidative aging arising from highly reactive sites such as double bonds and α-hydrogens in its molecular structure, this study designs and prepares a supported long-term sustained-release antioxidant system (4010NA@DE) with a three-level “load-coat-graft” functional architecture based on diatomite (DE). The antioxidant N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (4010NA) is first loaded onto diatomite, followed by surface coating with polydopamine, and subsequent grafting of flexible oleylamine chains. This hierarchical design effectively suppresses migration of small-molecule antioxidants within the natural rubber matrix while improving interfacial compatibility, thereby mitigating issues of blooming and rapid depletion associated with conventional antioxidants. Experimental results show that NR composites incorporating 4010NA@DE exhibit excellent anti-aging performance. After 672 h of thermo-oxidative aging at 100 ℃, the tensile strength remains above 20 MPa and the elongation at break exceeds 450%, with no observable surface blooming. The retention rates of tensile strength and elongation at break reach 81% and 68%, respectively, with an aging coefficient of 0.56. This work provides a viable strategy for designing durable, migration-resistant antioxidant systems for long-term protection of rubber materials. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fine-scale susceptibility assessment of landslide-collapse hazards based on slope units: a case study of Paitan Town in Zengcheng District, Guangzhou YU Lin, HUANG Houzan, LIU Yang, LIANG Zhu, XU Guangping, HUANG Jiaming Shandong Science    2026, 39 (5): 85-93.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20260129 Abstract （413）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （4560KB）（12）       Knowledge map    To enhance the fine-scale susceptibility assessment of landslide-collapse hazards, Paitan Town in Zengcheng District, Guangzhou, was selected as the study area. Based on the geographic information system platform, 2 579 slope units were delineated as the basic assessment units using the “catchment-area overlap method”. Eight key indicators, namely, elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, slope shape, engineering geological rock group, geological structure, vegetation coverage, and land use type, were selected. The weights of these factors were determined by combining the information value model and the analytic hierarchy process, leading to the susceptibility zoning of geological hazards. The results indicated that the study area can be categorized into four susceptibility levels: high, medium, low, and non-susceptible, accounting for 8.59%, 41.31%, 25.52%, and 24.58% of the total area, respectively. The high-susceptibility areas were concentrated in the northern mountainous region, characterized by steep terrain, fragmented rock structure, and intensive human engineering activities, making them the priority areas for disaster prevention and control. The assessment results were validated using receiver operating characteristic curves, with an accuracy of 85%, indicating that the proposed method is highly applicable to the region and can support geological hazard prevention and territorial spatial planning. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Index selection for a water ecological quality evaluation system in the Jinan section of Xiaoqing River ZHENG Linlin, WANG Guangyong, WU Hui, WANG Hui, LIU Jianjun, ZHANG Shuiyan, TIAN Yong Shandong Science    2026, 39 (3): 75-86.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025017 Accepted: 30 April 2026 Online available: 30 April 2026 Abstract （392）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （1300KB）（82）       Knowledge map    The Xiaoqing River serves as a multifunctional waterway in Shandong Province, supporting flood control, irrigation, and navigation activities. Accurate evaluation of its water ecological quality is crucial for informing ecological restoration and guiding the resumption of navigation. This study conducted field monitoring to assess correlations between water quality parameters and biodiversity indices, aiming to identify appropriate biological indicators at the species, population, and community levels for the Jinan section. A hierarchical evaluation framework was developed by integrating indicators across three levels: physicochemical characteristics, habitat quality, and ecological structure. This system was applied for the first time to assess the water ecological quality of the Jinan section. The results aligned with the observed spatial trend of water quality, characterized by a “high-low-high” pattern from upstream to downstream. The study provides a scientific foundation for ecological restoration and navigation planning in the Xiaoqing River basin and offers a methodological reference for evaluating urban river ecosystems in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and process optimization of pitaya pigment lipstick SONG Yingxuan, YIN Xinyi, LIANG Shulei, ZHANG Xinyu, ZHENG Zhenjia Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 52-59.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025025 Accepted: 23 October 2025 Online available: 23 October 2025 Abstract （391）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （1611KB）（85）       Knowledge map    A natural pigment lipstick was developed using pitaya pigment as the primary ingredient. Four factors—the amounts of beeswax, coconut oil, cocoa butter, and pitaya pigment—were selected. Single-factor and response surface tests were conducted, with comprehensive sensory evaluation as the assessment criterion, to determine the optimal formulation for the pitaya pigment lipstick and to conduct texture analysis. The results showed that the optimal formulation for the pitaya pigment lipstick comprised 22.14% beeswax, 67.02% coconut oil, 5.56% cocoa butter, and 5.28% pitaya pigment. Under these conditions, the validation test yielded a sensory evaluation score of 95.07±1.08, which closely matched the predicted value. The resulting lipstick had a smooth texture, moderate hardness, stable color, and caused no sensitive irritation to the skin. This study provides a reference for the development of pitaya byproducts and meets consumer demand for natural and safe products. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristic chromatograms and content determination of artificial musk in Liushen series preparations based on gas chromatography GUO Lumei, WANG Yingchao, ZHANG Zhenkai, LIU Xingpeng, CHEN Feng Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 42-51.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025021 Accepted: 28 October 2025 Online available: 28 October 2025 Abstract （382）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （3729KB）（22）       Knowledge map    A scientific, unified, and reliable characteristic chromatograms and determine the content of artificial musk in the Liushen series of preparations was established using gas chromatography (GC) to accurately reflect its quality, providing an experimental basis for subsequent revisions of quality standards. The similarity of characteristic chromatograms from 39 batches of Liushen series preparations was analyzed using Traditional Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation Software(2012 version), with similarities all above 0.995. Liushen pills exhibited 5 characteristic peaks, while Liushen capsules showed 4, one of which was identified as muscone. The content of artificial musk in three types of preparations was determined, with muscone showing a good linear relationship within the range of 0.006 4~0.638 8 mg/mL(R=0.999). The average recovery rates(relative standard deviation) for pills, capsules, and gel agents were 102.3% (1.0%), 97.3% (1.5%), and 103.1% (1.6%) respectively. The established GC characteristic chromatograms and content determination method can comprehensively reflect the quality of artificial musk in LiuShen series preparations and can be used for quality control of artificial musk in these preparations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of a dual-wavelength instrument for measuring the volume scattering function of aquatic particles TAO Bangyi, HAN Chang, LI Yunzhou, PAN Yaorui, LI Changpeng, MAO Zhihua Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025054 Accepted: 18 November 2025 Online available: 18 November 2025 Abstract （366）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （3777KB）（49）       Knowledge map    The volume scattering function (VSF) of aquatic particles is one of the most important inherent optical properties of water. However, a VSF measurement instrument in China that can cover multiple wavelengths and a wide angular range remains to be investigated. Herein, we developed a dual-wavelength (488 nm and 532 nm) aquatic particle VSF measurement system that integrates dual-periscope optical configuration with a rotating detector. This system enables VSF measurements across a scattering angle range of 1.5°~178.5° for both wavelengths. According to the optical configuration and radiative transfer principles of the system, baseline correction, angular calibration, and amplitude calibration experiments were conducted on the system. The measurement results for 3 μm polystyrene standard particles agreed well with the Mie scattering theoretical values, demonstrating the VSF measurement accuracy of the system. The system was used to perform dual-wavelength VSF measurements of natural seawater particles from the East China Sea and South China Sea and to analyze the differences in VSF characteristics between the two wavelengths. The measured VSFs can provide a basis for VSF parameterization in the radiative transfer models. In addition, asymmetry factors were calculated from the measured data to analyze the differences in scattering characteristics between the two wavelengths from the volume scattering perspective. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on optimization of deep fermentation conditions for Morchella and its antioxidant activity LIAN Hanyu, ZHENG Zhiqi, YU Qing, WANG Jiahui, SHA Yujie, QU Jie Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 69-76.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240157 Accepted: 17 July 2025 Online available: 17 July 2025 Abstract （365）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （6630KB）（54）       Knowledge map    To improve the total antioxidant activity of fermented Morchella, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the composition and culture conditions of the fermentation medium. In the single-factor experiments, the concentrations of sucrose, yeast powder,(NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, and MgSO4·7H2O, as well as pH value in the fermentation medium were changed, to screen for optimal conditions based on the total antioxidant value of the fermentation broth. Then, based on the results of the single-factor experiments, three main influencing factors were selected for the Box-Behnken response surface design, and variance analysis and regression analysis were carried out using Design-Expert software. The results showed that the optimal composition of the medium was: yeast extract 4.3 g/L, sucrose 32 g/L, MgSO4·7H2O 1.5 g/L, KH2PO4 1.4 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 2.5 g/L, and a pH of 6. These conditions significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of the fermentation broth and were cost-effective. The findings of this study provide theoretical and practical guidance for the Morchella fermentation industry, help to improve the quality and antioxidant performance of Morchella fermentation products, and further promote the applications of Morchella in health supplements, cosmetics, and other fields. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on preparation and properties of rapidly vulcanized nitrile rubber LI Yutong, CHEN Dongping, LI Tiezhu, WANG Fushan, LI Lin, WANG Hui Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 86-93.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240135 Accepted: 02 September 2025 Online available: 02 September 2025 Abstract （364）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （3475KB）（17）       Knowledge map    Herein, a wet-mixing process was used to improve the dispersion of fillers in nitrile latex by incorporating three types of accelerators: trialkyl chlorides (TACs), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), and zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (ZTC). These accelerators were added to cost-effective and readily available nitrile latex, followed by mixing, coagulation, washing, and drying to obtain nitrile rubber nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). A novel rapidly-vulcanized NBR was developed using the properties of NBR3445F and NBR3345 as reference standards, and the effects of different types and dosages of accelerators on the vulcanization characteristics, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the developed NBR were studied. Results showed that compared with conventional rapidly vulcanized NBR, the developed NBR with 2 parts of accelerator TAC (TAC-2) exhibited 4.7 s higher vulcanization speed, a 138% higher tensile strength, and 59% higher tear strength. This NBR also exhibited substantially higher overall performance than NBRs with the other two accelerators, ZTC and TMTD. These findings were well aligned with the microstructural characteristics observed in scanning electron microscopy image. Based on the premise of ensuring rapid vulcanization speed and safe processing performance, TAC, an accelerator with better performance, can be selected to manufacture a rapidly vulcanized NBR, providing a technical path and an experimental basis for the development of related materials. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening,identification and functional evaluation of trichoderma strains antagonistic to strawberry anthracnose LIU Jianhua, JIANG Yanqing, LI Hongmei, YANG Jianwen, WEI Yanli, LIU Baojun, LI Jishun, HU Jindong Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 60-68.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025027 Accepted: 11 September 2025 Online available: 11 September 2025 Abstract （363）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （3760KB）（41）       Knowledge map    In response to the severe incidence and management challenges of strawberry anthracnose, this study targeted Colletotrichum siamense, the pathogen responsible for the disease.We used dual culture and sealed-plate assays to screen for the effective biocontrol Trichoderma strain HB 23422, which exhibited strong antagonistic activity against strawberry anthracnose,and was identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular biology as Trichoderma asperellum. On PDA plates, HB 23422 exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on Colletotrichum siamense CM9, with an inhibition rate of more than 74.55%. Vitro leaf experiments and pot experiments showed that the spore suspension of this strain could effectively reduce the incidence of strawberry anthracnose. The strain HB 23422 grows rapidly, produces abundant spores, and has excellent disease control efficacy, indicating its potential for development as microbial pesticide for environment friendly control of strawberry anthracnose. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Distribution and variability of annual maximum short-duration precipitation in Shandong Province HUAN Haijun, LIU Yan, GE Ruiting, QIU Can Shandong Science    2026, 39 (3): 87-99.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025029 Accepted: 05 February 2026 Online available: 05 February 2026 Abstract （356）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （12489KB）（510）       Knowledge map    In recent years, extreme precipitation events have become increasingly frequent in Shandong Province. To improve the monitoring, forecasting, and early warning of these short-duration events, this study analyzes minute-level precipitation data from 99 national meteorological stations in Shandong Province, covering the period from 1991 to 2020. Using the climate tendency rate, wavelet analysis, and empirical orthogonal function decomposition, we examine the spatiotemporal distribution and variability of annual maximum precipitation across different short durations. The results indicate that both the average and maximum values of annual maximum precipitation for all short durations increase progressively from central and eastern Shandong outward, peaking in southern Shandong. In most parts of southern Shandong, these annual maxima show a decreasing trend over time, whereas most other areas exhibit an increasing trend. For 5 min durations, the spatial variability trends are generally consistent, with intensity centers located in northwestern Shandong. For the 30 min and 60 min durations, eastern and southern Shandong, as well as the eastern Shandong Peninsula, show trends opposite to those in other regions, with negative intensity centers in central-western, northwestern, and southwestern Shandong. For the 90 min, 120 min, and 180 min durations, the eastern central region and the eastern Shandong Peninsula display opposite trends, with positive intensity centers in southwestern Shandong. Each duration shows significant 2 to 3 year periodicities. An abrupt change was detected in 2004 for the 5 min duration, leading to a marked decrease thereafter, whereas no abrupt changes were observed for other durations. Overall, most annual maximum short-duration precipitation events in Shandong exhibit an increasing trend. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing monitoring efforts and revising storm intensity formulas, particularly in southern and northwestern Shandong. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cross-regional demand-responsive bus dynamic scheduling optimization based on modular vehicles ZHANG Ailin, JIA Shunping Shandong Science    2026, 39 (1): 77-87.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025044 Accepted: 22 December 2025 Online available: 22 December 2025 Abstract （344）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （2585KB）（28）       Knowledge map    To address the issue of low load factors associaated with conventional demand-responsive buses with fixed capacity, this study introduces a modular vehicle system and proposes a cross-regional demand-responsive bus dynamic scheduling optimization method based on modular vehicles. An objective function is established to minimize travel and operational costs for passengers and enterprises, respectively. The concept of coupling stations is introduced, and a dynamic fleet formation model considering coupling stations is designed, which allows for fleet reorganization and passenger transfer across two routes. Using the Big-M method, the model is linearized into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem for solutions, and the model is validated through a case study of two commuting routes from Jiukeshu to Wangfujing in Beijing. The experimental results show that compared to the introduction of conventional demand-responsive buses with fixed capacity, the introduction of modular buses effectively increases vehicle load factors, reduces operational costs for enterprises, and slightly reduces passenger travel costs. This indicates that the introduction of modular bus systems in urban commuting scenarios can provide a more flexible and efficient operational model for passenger travel and enterprise operations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experiment on a fine-scale marine drifting buoy observation network LI Bin, ZHANG Wen, LI Yunzhou, ZHAO Qiang, XU Dengke Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 22-28.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025050 Accepted: 14 October 2025 Online available: 14 October 2025 Abstract （339）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （5062KB）（28）       Knowledge map    An innovative marine fine-scale drifting buoy and its networked observation system were designed. The buoy hardware featured a self-developed detachable wave-resistant structure and low-power core component integration technology. With the help of its dual-antenna communication architecture, the buoy was subjected to laboratory and field lake tests to quantitatively evaluate its measurement accuracy, environmental adaptability, and data stability. Based on LoRa-enabled distributed IoT communication technology, an innovative topological networking architecture was used to construct a four-node, 10 km-scale 3D observation network with a packet loss rate of less than 0.1%. FFT spectral analysis was conducted to analyze data features, and a noise reduction method was proposed. Test results showed that the network could synchronously capture quasi-steady-state ocean environmental data, providing a scalable solution for high-density, multi-dimensional, fine-scale ocean monitoring. The research results were applied in teaching practice. In addition, expansion to a 10-node network has been planned to advance the engineering application of fine-scale ocean observation technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research hotspots and trend analysis of science and technology powerhouse provinces and China as a science and technology powerhouse: A CiteSpace-based study GUO Mengying, JIA Xinxin, HUANG Yunjie, LIU Yingying Shandong Science    2026, 39 (3): 129-138.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20260053 Accepted: 08 May 2026 Online available: 08 May 2026 Abstract （323）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （2263KB）（57）       Knowledge map    Science and technology (S&T) powerhouse provinces and China as an S&T powerhouse together constitute a coordinated transmission system of “provincial-level practice-national strategy”, serving as an important support for advancing China’s science and technology modernization. This study employs the visualization tool CiteSpace (version 6.1.R6) to conduct a knowledge graph analysis of 795 relevant articles indexed in core journals within the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) database from 2006 to 2025. Using keyword co-occurrence analysis, cluster analysis, and burst-term detection, the study systematically examines research hotspots and evolutionary trajectories in this field. The findings indicate that domestic studies mainly focus on four themes: strategic coordination, technological breakthroughs, innovation ecosystems, and digital-intelligent transformation. The research paradigm demonstrates a full-chain, integrated evolution: “national strategy-regional implementation-technology application-ecosystem optimization”. Future research should place greater emphasis on differentiated provincial pathways, interdisciplinary integration, and international comparative studies to further deepen the development of this field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of rice-fired Ganoderma lucidum processing by AHP-EWM and response surface methodology and comparative study on antioxidant activity before and after processing LI Zhiyong, LIU Jiangting, ZHANG Guoying, YANG Xueqi, ZHANG Mengxia, ZHAO Pan, ZHANG Xiuyun Shandong Science    2026, 39 (3): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025002 Accepted: 24 March 2026 Online available: 24 March 2026 Abstract （322）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （1872KB）（231）       Knowledge map    This study aimed to optimize the rice-fried processing technology of Ganoderma lucidum, determine the optimal processing parameters, and evaluate the impact of fried Ganoderma lucidum rice on its antioxidant activity.The processing temperature, processing time, and ratio of medicinal material to auxiliary material were used as the influencing factors, and the contents of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and extracts, as well as the appearance score of the processed product were used as evaluation indexes. The optimal rice-fried processing parameters were determined using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-entropy weight method combined with Box-Behnken design and response surface method.The antioxidant activity before and after processing was compared using ABTS+, DPPH, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. The optimized process conditions were as follows:processing temperature of 158.91 ℃, frying time of 10.18 minutes, and a material-to-auxiliary ratio of 1∶0.20. The average comprehensive score obtained from process validation was 91.24 with a relative standard deviation of 0.81%. In vitro antioxidant activity assay results showed that the radical scavenging ability of Ganoderma lucidum significantly increased after processing(P<0.01). The optimized rice-fried process is reliable, stable, and feasible. The rice-fried Ganoderma lucidum prepared using this process exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity, providing a reference for the processing technology and clinical application of Ganoderma lucidum. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Distribution of micron inclusions in steel and their impact on its mechanical properties WANG Zhengci, LIU Long, TIAN Linan, LIU Zhe, SUN Wei, LIU Yongchao, WEN Peijian, ZHANG Qing Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 77-85.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025007 Accepted: 24 October 2025 Online available: 24 October 2025 Abstract （319）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （3045KB）（23）       Knowledge map    Under the current technological conditions, inclusions have become inevitable in steel. To investigate the impact of micron inclusions on the mechanical properties of metals, vacuum arc melting was used to control the mass fractions (contents) of micron Al2O3 powder at 0%, 0.2%, 0.6%, 1%, and 2%, thereby preparing samples with different contents of micron inclusions. Statistical analysis of inclusion sizes via computed tomography imaging and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that most inclusions had a size of <5 μm. Moreover, the quantity of inclusions proportionally increased with increasing Al2O3 content. Mechanical properties were tested using the indentation method; the test results indicated that the addition of a certain amount of micron inclusions can enhance the mechanical performance of a metal. However, when the Al2O3 content exceeded 1%, the tensile strength increase slowed down and the yield strength decreased. SEM observations revealed that at high Al2O3 content, inclusions tended to agglomerate into large inclusions or clusters, which caused local stress concentration. This phenomenon in turn negatively affected the strengthening effect of the micron inclusions on the mechanical properties of the investigated metal. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cable fault location method based on APO-MVMD-Transformer SUN Jie, SUN Yuwei, HU Guodong, YIN Haihai, JIANG Xuyong, MA Hongzhong Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 94-106.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240144 Accepted: 18 September 2025 Online available: 18 September 2025 Abstract （315）   HTML （3）    PDF（pc） （5336KB）（25）       Knowledge map    To address the low accuracy and reliability of existing power cable fault-location methods, a new cable fault-location method based on APO-MVMD-Transformer is proposed in this study. The collected cable fault signal is decoupled through phase-mode transformation to obtain the fault traveling wave signal. The Arctic puffin optimization (APO) optimized multivariate variational mode decomposition (MVMD) parameters are then used to decompose this traveling wave signal. The Teager energy operator is applied to extract instantaneous energy variations in the high-frequency modal components, allowing the identification of the wavefront arrival times. The sampling points corresponding to these times are then used as feature values to construct a feature dataset, which is further employed to optimize the APO-Transformed-based model. Finally, feature dataset are input into the APO-Transformer-based location model to locate cable faults. Results showed that the proposed model exhibited a coefficient of determination as high as 0.999 91, a relative fault-location error within 1%, and a distance error within 100 m, thereby demonstrating high fault location accuracy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Collaborative rescue dispatch model for metro network fire emergencies JI Shengyi, ZHANG Yong Shandong Science    2026, 39 (1): 64-76.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025004 Accepted: 24 October 2025 Online available: 24 October 2025 Abstract （314）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （3291KB）（25）       Knowledge map    The integrated dispatch of metro firefighting engines (MFEs) and trains during fire emergencies presents unique challenges due to confined tunnel spaces that restrict conventional fire truck access and the often uncertain fire location. This necessitates cross-line deployment of MFEs within the metro network. We decompose the problem into two subproblems: MFE rescue operations and evacuation of trapped trains. For each, a mixed-integer programming model is formulated. To enhance computational efficiency, we propose a line-based decomposition algorithm combined with a constraint filtering technique. The models are validated using the Suzhou metro network as a case study. Results demonstrate that the proposed approach efficiently generates solutions within practical timeframes, enabling effective cross-line MFE dispatch and rapid train evacuation. This research offers both theoretical insights and a practical decision-support tool for emergency management in metro fire scenarios, contributing significant value to metro operation safety and resilience. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening quality-difference markers of Qingxiao Wuwei Decoction using an integrated “fingerprint-pattern recognition-serum migration components” strategy SHI Kaitao, LI Jun, ZHANG Qian, MA Yuheng Shandong Science    2026, 39 (1): 11-20.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025048 Accepted: 09 December 2025 Online available: 09 December 2025 Abstract （309）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （3829KB）（37）       Knowledge map    By establishing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints of Qingxiao Wuwei Decoction (QXWWD) and integrating chemical pattern recognition with in vivo and in vitro component identification methods, this study aimed to screen differential compounds and provide reference data for consistency evaluation and the development of compound preparations. The fingerprints of 18 batches of QXWWD were established evaluated for similarity. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze potential quality markers. HPLC-Q-Exactive-MS was used to identify in vitro chemical components and serummigration components of QXWWD.Based on the integrated “fingerprint-pattern recognition-serum-migrant components” strategy, quality-difference markers were screened. A total of 28 peaks were identified in the fingerprints of QXWWD, among which 8 quality-difference markers, such as chrysophanol, were selected. In total,85 in vitro chemical components and 55 serummigration components of QXWWD were identified. By finding the intersection of the fingerprint-identified components and those identified in vivo and in vitro using a Venn diagram, we identified chrysophanol as the core quality-difference marker. This study established a simple and reproducible analytical method that can effectively evaluate the quality stability and batch consistency of QXWWD. This method provides reliable data to support process optimization, quality-standard development,and the subsequent development of this prescription. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics