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Development and experimental validation of an underwater photon-counting three-dimensional imaging LiDAR system WANG Zhangjun, YU Yang, YE Dingmu, LI Hui, CHEN Chao, YU Changxin Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 64-71.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025052 Abstract （498）   HTML （96）    PDF（pc） （4086KB）（1017）       Knowledge map    Underwater three-dimensional (3D) imaging light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems have the potential for accurately detecting underwater targets and mapping the seabed terrain, thus facilitating the development and utilization of marine resources. However, most existing underwater 3D imaging LiDAR systems suffer from large size and high power consumption, making them unsuitable for the operational requirements of underwater tasks. To overcome these issues, this study proposes a compact solution based on photon-counting technology that integrates single-point ranging with two-dimensional scanning to achieve 3D imaging. A compact underwater photon-counting 3D imaging LiDAR system was developed by optimizing optical and mechanical design, resulting in a device with a diameter of 165 mm and a length of 340 mm, considerably improving portability and underwater adaptability. A dual-axis synchronous scanning control method was implemented based on FPGA to achieve a scanning accuracy at the nanosecond level, ensuring precise alignment between the emitted pulse and measured target point. Laboratory water tank experiments revealed that the system has a detection capability exceeding 3.1 attenuation lengths. Furthermore, this system was used for underwater 3D imaging of a thruster model that validates its centimeter-level ranging accuracy. Owing to its strong compatibility, this system can be integrated into various underwater mobile platforms and holds strong potential for applications such as seabed topographic mapping, underwater cultural heritage detection, and underwater target identification. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatiotemporal evolution and trend analysis of suspended sediment mass concentration in the Yellow River Estuary and adjacent sea areas using Google Earth Engine FAN Qianyi, LIU Fangyuan, JI Zelu, BIAN Xiaodong, YU Dingfeng, ZHAO Xinqi Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 51-63.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025024 Abstract （434）   HTML （75）    PDF（pc） （11832KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Suspended sediment mass concentration (ρSSC) is a key indicator of estuarine water quality, influencing water transparency, turbidity, nearshore ecosystems, and shoreline stability. In this study, ρSSC dynamics in the Yellow River Estuary and adjacent sea areas were analyzed from 1984 to 2024 using satellite remote sensing data processed on the Google Earth Engine platform. We examined the spatiotemporal distribution patterns, long-term trends, and primary drivers of ρSSC changes. Over the 41-year period, ρSSC exhibited a general declining trend, with low-ρSSC waters increasingly dominant. High Suspended sediment mass concentration regions became more localized near the coast, primarily in southern Bohai Bay and the southwestern coast of Laizhou Bay, forming a banded distribution. Theil-Sen Median slope estimation and Mann-Kendall trend analysis revealed significant ρSSC increases in the Qingba waterway and artificial distributary channels, whereas significant decreases were observed in the Qingshui Ditch area. Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay showed a slight upward trend overall. Human interventions, particularly river course diversions, significantly influenced ρSSC patterns: historical high Suspended sediment mass concentration estuarine zones contracted, whereas new high Suspended sediment mass concentration zones expanded seaward following each diversion. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes from land-based mariculture areas in coastal Zhejiang province DU Yiwei, LI Xiaoguang, LIN Tian Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 109-117.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240155 Abstract （418）   HTML （87）    PDF（pc） （2323KB）（296）       Knowledge map    Understanding nutrient flux in aquaculture systems is critical for sustainable coastal environmental management. This study comprehensively investigated nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in land-based mariculture across four coastal cities of Zhejiang province: Ningbo, Taizhou, Wenzhou, and Zhoushan, utilizing data from 1 018 sampling points at marine outfalls. Elemental concentration analyses revealed total nitrogen levels ranging from 0.015 to 36.000 mg/L, with total phosphorus concentrations between 0.005 and 2.860 mg/L. Notably, over 90% of the samples remained within Category II of the Zhejiang Province Mariculture Tailwater Discharge Standards, indicating relatively controlled nutrient emissions. Employing both chemical analysis and pollution discharge coefficient methodologies, we estimated the annual nutrient flux from land-based mariculture tailwaters. Chemical analysis methods indicated annual total nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes of 2 969.2 t and 83.6 t, respectively. Significantly, the third and fourth quarters contributed 84.4% of the annual nutrient flux, coinciding with peak harvesting periods and influenced by complex hydrodynamic factors including oceanic currents and Yangtze River dilution waters. Comparative analysis between methodological approaches revealed substantial discrepancies, with pollution discharge coefficient methods estimating higher annual fluxes(4 634.3 t nitrogen and 801.4 t phosphorus). These variations suggest considerable nutrient sequestration within bottom sediments, presenting potential long-term environmental implications. The continuous accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in sedimentary environments raises critical concerns about secondary nutrient release mechanisms and escalating eutrophication risks in adjacent marine ecosystems. These findings underscore the necessity for sophisticated nutrient management strategies in coastal mariculture systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fusion of mesoscale eddy data for the South China Sea SHI Zhenjia, HAO Zengzhou, LI Yunzhou, YE Feng, HUANG Haiqing, PAN Delu Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 99-108.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025039 Abstract （412）   HTML （95）    PDF（pc） （3393KB）（847）       Knowledge map    Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the ocean and play a key role in the transport of oceanic energy and matter. Current observation methods for mesoscale eddies includesatellite remote sensing, buoy tracking, and research vessel surveys. Each of these methods offer sdistinct scales and perspectives, resulting in varying mesoscale information standards and characteristics.Based on three mesoscale eddy datasets obtained using different methods, this study proposes a two-stage fusion strategy to generatea fused mesoscale eddy dataset for the South China Sea. Moreover,it analyzes the spatial distribution of mesoscale eddy centers in the South China Sea from 2014 to 2018.Results reveal that the fused dataset effectively mitigates issues such as over identification, omission, and misidentification found in single-source observations. Additionally, the fused dataset accurately reflects the wide spread spatial distribution of mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea, the substantial local aggregation of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, and clear partitioning between cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. Furthermore, the fused dataset for the South can offerreliable data support for studies related totrajectory tracking of mesoscale eddies, inferring their three-dimensional structures, and understanding mesoscale oceanic phenomena and circulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis of Ru/Ce-Al catalyst and evaluation of its ammonia-decomposition-induced hydrogen production performance and fuel cell application WANG Jianmei, SI Hongyu, DR. KOSCHANY Arthur Ernest, WANG Juncheng, LI Yunzhou, XU Aihua Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 90-98.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025041 Abstract （398）   HTML （50）    PDF（pc） （3089KB）（129）       Knowledge map    To meet the rapid response requirements of distributed energy supply systems for dynamic hydrogen production rates, a Ru/Ce-Al catalyst was prepared using a precipitation-hydrothermal method. This method addresses the challenge of maintaining dynamic stability in ammonia-decomposition-induced hydrogen production units under variable load conditions. Characterization techniques, such as XRD, NH3-TPD, and H2-TPR, were used to reveal the systematic regulation mechanism by which Al3+ doping in CeO2 and the Ce/Al stoichiometric ratio influence the evolution of oxygen vacancies in the support; in addition, their ammonia-decomposition-induced hydrogen production performance were investigated. The results show that Al3+ doping induces the formation of a Ce-Al-O solid solution, which optimizes the distribution of oxygen vacancies on the support surface through strong metal-support interactions (SMSIs), thereby enhancing the dispersion of active metal Ru. At a space velocity of 15 000 h-1 and reaction temperature of 525 ℃, the Ru/3Ce-Al catalyst achieved an ammonia-conversion efficiency of 93%. Its balanced performance over a wide temperature range (500 ℃ -550 ℃) effectively excessive minimized reaction rates at high temperatures that could lead to catalyst sintering. After 100 h of operation, the catalyst maintained an ammonia-conversion efficiency of 91.8%. An ammonia-hydrogen fuel-cell-based energy supply system, constructed using this catalyst, exhibited power, voltage, and current fluctuations of only 2.3%, 1.1%, and 0.6%, respectively, under a 2 kW load. Furthermore, in step-load tests (0.22 kW→0.45 kW→0.22 kW), the system demonstrated rapid power and current responses with pressure fluctuations below 5‰. This result verified its dynamic response capability and operational stability in complex environments. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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LiDAR-based monitoring of diurnal-nocturnal oceanic carbon flux CHEN Peng, LI Yunzhou, ZHANG Siqi, ZHANG Zhenhua, PAN Delu Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 14-24.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240143 Abstract （397）   HTML （52）    PDF（pc） （2182KB）（447）       Knowledge map    Oceanic carbon flux constitutes a critical component of the global carbon cycle and fundamentally informs climate change modeling and prediction. The advent of light detection and ranging(LiDAR) remote sensing has gradually revolutionized oceanic carbon flux measurements by providing high spatiotemporal resolutions, precision, and real-time monitoring capabilities. This review evaluates recent advances in LiDAR-based monitoring of diurnal-nocturnal oceanic carbon flux dynamics. We examine the fundamental principles, methodological approaches, and technical challenges associated with LiDAR applications in carbon flux quantification across the air-sea interface. Additionally, we identify knowledge gaps and propose future research directions to enhance the efficacy of LiDAR technology in characterizing temporal variability in oceanic carbon sequestration. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A review on water quality remote sensing technology based on domestic Gaofen series satellites GU Ping, WANG Pengjie, WANG Guoliang, XU Shengrong, ZHAO Ran, ZHANG Rui, ZHANG Xiaolei, YAN Xincheng, GAO Yunfeng, WANG Na Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 40-50.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240074 Abstract （388）   HTML （60）    PDF（pc） （1233KB）（477）       Knowledge map    Water quality monitoring and assessment are crucial for sustainable use of water resources and the preservation of aquatic ecosystems. Remote sensing technology, with its unique capability for long-distance detection, offers rapid, efficient, wide-coverage, and high-precision monitoring, and it is particularly suitable for large-scale, dynamic water environment surveillance. In recent years, China has made remarkable progress in the field of remote sensing satellite technology. The successful deployment and continuous high-quality data output of the domestic high-resolution satellite series have brought new opportunities for realizing advanced water quality monitoring. This paper systematically reviews and summarizes the current applications of data obtained from the Gaofen satellite series for water quality monitoring, focusing on the remote-sensing inversion of key water-quality parameters. Furthermore, it outlines future research directions, including the integration of multi-source data, optimization of algorithms and models, and the development of theoretical models. This study provides detailed references for the future development and research on water quality monitoring using domestic satellites. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quantitative analysis of seven major ginsenoside components of Panaxquinquefolius L. from different origins ZHU Heng, DING Hui, WANG Xiao, LI Lili Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240118 Accepted: 23 September 2025 Online available: 23 September 2025 Abstract （383）   HTML （143）    PDF（pc） （2346KB）（149）       Knowledge map    Panaxquinquefolius L. is a medicine-food homology used in traditional Chinese medicine，of which ginsenosides are an important active component.The ginsenoside content of Panaxquinquefolius L. is closely related to its quality. Due to the effects of the geographical environment，the ginsenoside content of Panaxquinquefolius L.from different origins varies. Based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry，this study established a quantitative analysis method for seven major ginsenoside components，through which the content of 27 batches of samples from domestic and foreign origin swasanalyzed. The results showed that the contents of ginsenosides Rb1，Re，Rg1，Rd，Ro，and the pseudoginsenoside F11 were highest in the Panaxquinquefolius L. produced in Canada. The contents of the ginsenosides Rb1，Rg1，Rd，and Ro in the Panaxquinquefolius L. produced in the United States were higher than those from the three domestic production origins （Jilin，Shandong，and Liaoning province）. The contents of the ginsenoside Re and the pseudoginsenoside F11 in Panaxquinquefolius L.produced in Shandong were higher than those produced in the United States. The contents of the rare ginsenoside Rg3 in the Panaxquinquefolius L. produced in Jilin and Liaoning were higher than that of the United States and Canada. This study revealed the differences in the content of seven ginsenosides in Panaxquinquefolius L. with foreign and domestic production origins，thereby providing technical support forquality control and improving quality standards for Panaxquinquefolius L. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of differential metabolites in different parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb. based on non-targeted metabolomics technology ZHANG Xuxin, ZHANG Luzhe, LIN Shuqian, ZHAO Zengcheng, MENG Zhaoqing, DONG Xiaodi, CAO Guiyun, HE Jixiang, WANG Daijie Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 29-41.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240129 Accepted: 09 July 2025 Online available: 09 July 2025 Abstract （368）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （4391KB）（26）       Knowledge map    To investigate the metabolic differences among different parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb.,a nontargeted metabolomics study was conducted on its stems, leaves, and flowers using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).Intotal,773 metabolites in positive-ion mode and 572 and 572 metabolites in negative-ion mode were identified in samples from different parts of L. japonica Thunb.; 553 differential metabolites were detected by comparing leaves and flowers; and 471 differential metabolites were detected by comparing stems and flowers, mainly phenolic acids, amino acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, and isoflavones. The pathways related to differential metabolites mainly include phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, purine metabolism, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study analyzed the predominant compounds and important metabolic pathways involved in different parts of L. japonica Thunb.,i.e.,the stems,leaves, and flowers,comparing them with medically used flowers. The findings provides a scientific basis for the further development and utilization of L. japonica Thunb. resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Validation of satellite scatterometer-derived sea-surface wind fields based on ocean buoy data LI Yunzhou, ZHOU Maosheng, ZHU Lin, YU Dingfeng, HAO Zengzhou, LI Min, WANG Juncheng, PAN Delu Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240149 Abstract （364）   HTML （43）    PDF（pc） （5790KB）（827）       Knowledge map    Sea-surface wind fields are critical parameters in marine environments, influencing ocean circulation, meteorology, and climate dynamics. To assess the accuracy of satellite-derived ocean wind products and characterize their error distribution, this study validates sea-surface wind field retrievals using a combination of satellite remote sensing and ocean buoy measurements. Wind field estimates from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) aboard the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites’ MetOp series were compared against buoy observations from four buoy database including the U.S. National Data Buoy Center, et al. over the 2013—2022 period. Following data preprocessing and spatiotemporal collocation, statistical metrics—including mean bias, root-mean-square error, and correlation coefficients—were employed to evaluate ASCAT wind field accuracy. Results indicate strong agreement between ASCAT-derived and buoy-measured wind fields, with correlation coefficients of 0.928 for wind speed and 0.867 for wind direction. The standard deviation of wind speed is 0.889 m/s, while that of wind direction is 22.168°. Among buoy networks, NDBC sites exhibited the most stable wind speed and direction deviations. This validation study enhances the reliability of satellite-derived wind fields, contributing to improved weather forecasting, climate research, ocean engineering, and disaster warning systems. Additionally, the findings support the continuous refinement of satellite payloads and retrieval algorithms. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A computational biology-based study on the mechanism of drug-induced liver injury in patients prescribed traditional Chinese medicine treatments containing Polygonum multiflorum XI Wei, XU Long, JING Fanbo, CAO Mingchen, LI Lei, ZHANG Chunhui, DENG Ruitong Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 14-27.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240081 Abstract （360）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （6188KB）（1196）       Knowledge map    Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the most common adverse drug reactions. Therefore, using computational biology and artificial intelligence modeling to explore the material basis and mechanisms underlying adverse drug reactions from traditional Chinese medicine compounds is of great significance in enhancing the safety of clinical medication. In this study, we retrieved the chemical composition and target information of Compound Polygonum multiflorum and Rehmannia glutinosa Pills (CPRP), along with DILI-related targets. A CPRP-DILI protein-protein interaction network containing 362 nodes and 1 518 interactions was constructed based on this information. Gene ontology analysis indicated that in terms of molecular function CPRP-DILI primarily involves reactions to chemical substances, chemical stimuli, and organic compounds. Cellular components are primarily localized to the extracellular region, plasma membrane, and cell surface. The biological processes of CPRP-DILI involve the binding of enzymes, proteins, small molecules, and signaling receptors. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes signaling pathway analysis revealed the involvement of the PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. The key miRNAs in the miRNA regulatory network include hsa-mir-34a-5p and has-mir-155-5p. The HubGenes of the two core subnetworks include AKT1, CTNNB1, MAPK3, HIF1A, JUN, TP53, and STAT3. The clinical drugs associated with DILI include antitumor drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and immunosuppressants. Fourteen high-risk DILI compounds were predicted to be present in CPRP, including emodin, rhein, and gallic acid. The chemical components in CPRP may affect certain biological pathways in susceptible populations, interfering with hepatic angiogenesis and autophagy balance, thereby impeding liver repair processes and exacerbating liver injury. The chemical compounds may also exhibit cross-hepatotoxicity with pyrimidine-containing antitumor drugs, NSAIDs, and immunosuppressants, suggesting that caution is needed when co-administering CPRP with the aforementioned drugs in clinical settings. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study on the role and mechanism of soluble dietary fiber in a mouse constipation model and constipated human population XIE Yao, ZHANG Zhifei, WANG Quanbo, MU Yan Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 28-38.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240100 Abstract （357）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （3269KB）（273）       Knowledge map    In order to study the role and mechanism of soluble dietary fiber in alleviating constipation, this study utilized 16S rRNA sequencing, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting methods in a mouse model of constipation. From various aspects of intestinal microecology, such as the distribution of the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acid metabolites, and the intestinal epithelial barrier, this study explored the role and molecular mechanism of soluble dietary fiber in alleviating constipation in mice. The alleviating effect of soluble dietary fiber on constipation was further confirmed in human trials. This study found that soluble dietary fiber significantly alleviated the symptoms of constipation in mice and humans. The mechanisms of action are as follows: increasing the number of probiotics such as Parabacteroides and Ligilactobacillus in the intestinal tract of mice; promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids such as acetic acid; and significantly improving the expression of genes encoding the production of intestinal tight junction proteins, along with proteins themselves, which are involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier. The results indicate that soluble dietary fiber has good alleviating effects on constipation in mice and humans, which is achieved through the production of short-chain fatty acids, the improvement of the gut microbiota, and the enhancement of the intestinal barrier. This study further confirms the value of soluble dietary fiber for application in constipated populations, providing a scientific basis for intestinal research and product development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Studies on the chemical constituents of the Dioscorea spongiosa LIU Wei, YU Jinqian, DONG Hongjing, BOTIROV Erkin Khozhiakbarovich, GUSAKOVA Svetlana Dmitrievna, WANG Xiao Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 8-13.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240071 Abstract （349）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （1142KB）（173）       Knowledge map    The chemical compositions of Dioscorea spongiosa were investigated using macroporous resin, MCI column chromatography, gel column chromatography and preparative liquid chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, ESI-MS. Ten compounds were isolated from Dioscorea spongiosa, which were identified as three aromatic compounds: diosniponol C (1), 3,5-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxybibenzyl (9), P-hydroxyphenyl butanone (10);two saponin analogues: methyl protodioscin (2), protogracillin (6); three diarylheptanoids: (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-heptane 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptane 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptane 3-β-D-glucopyranoside (5); one alkaloid: cyclo(l-Pro-l-Leu)(7); one sterols: β-sitosterol(8), of which compounds (3~5),(7),(9) were isolated from Dioscorea spongiosa for the first time. In this study, the chemical constituents of 70% ethanol extract of Dioscorea spongiosa were systematically isolated, which enriched the chemical composition and laid the foundation for the comprehensive development of Dioscorea spongiosa. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Path planning for unmanned surface vehicles based on an improved bidirectional RRT* algorithm WANG Xingmin, LIU Ruixue, LI Qian, ZHANG Weizhong, DONG Wei Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 132-138.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025042 Abstract （349）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （3626KB）（61）       Knowledge map    Oceans are not only super-ecosystems but also strategic resource reservoirs, and thus, ocean monitoring is crucial. Unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) are new types of multifunctional unmanned platforms for ocean monitoring, and path planning plays a crucial role as a core technology in their operation. With the continuous increase in maritime traffic density and upgrading of navigation safety standards, traditional path planning methods are facing growing challenges in adapting to complex environments. In this study, a multidimensional improvement strategy is proposed to address the limitations of the bidirectional rapidly-exploring random tree star(Bi-RRT*) algorithm in USV path planning. First, an adaptive step-size adjustment mechanism, based on environmental feature perception, is established; second, a key node selection strategy is designed; and finally, Bezier curves are used to smooth the generated path, producing a smoother trajectory that better meets the kinematic requirements of USVs. Simulation results show that the improved bidirectional RRT* algorithm outperforms its traditional counterpart in terms of node-generation efficiency, overall performance, and path smoothness. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of self-crossover discrepancies in observed sea surface height using SWOT satellites and influencing factors DENG Yanfen, ZHANG Xiaojie, JIANG Yunyun, ZHAO Jianli Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 34-39.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025040 Abstract （347）   HTML （19）    PDF（pc） （1701KB）（270）       Knowledge map    Using Level-2 low-rate expert-level data obtained from the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellites, this study calculates the positions of crossover points using a gridding method, quantitatively analyzes self-crossover discrepancies, and investigates the impacts of various factors—the time difference between the crossover points, crossover distance, distance from the coast, and latitude—on these discrepancies.Results show that in most regions, discrepancies fall within the range of -0.2 m to 0.2 m, indicating good data consistency, although notable discrepancies are observed in specific regions. Further analysis reveals that the distance between the crossover points has a minimal impact on discrepancies; discrepancies near the coastline are relatively dispersed, while those observed in regions farther from the coastline tend to decrease and stabilize. In high-latitude regions, discrepancies decrease. The time difference shows a certain degree of dispersion in its influence on discrepancies. In a certain range (within 2 km), the distance between the crossover points has a minimal impact on discrepancies. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for improving the accuracy and reliability of altimetry data obtained from SWOT satellites. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of the extraction process for organic acid components obtained from Lonicera japonica Thunb. using response surface methodology LI Wanying, WANG Haiyan, WANG Huicheng, ZHANG Peng, Fang Lei Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 1-7.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240053 Abstract （342）   HTML （32）    PDF（pc） （2378KB）（117）       Knowledge map    The extraction rate of organic acid components was used as an indicator to investigate the effects of extraction process parameters, namely, extraction temperature, extraction time, solid-liquid ratio, and particle size on the extraction results using the water extraction method. A response surface model was established using a Box-Behnken design to optimize the extraction process parameters for organic acid components from Lonicera japonica Thunb. with temperature, time, and solid-liquid ratio as factors. Results show that the optimal extraction process for organic acid components from Lonicera japonica Thunb. comprise an extraction temperature of 72 ℃, an extraction time of 90 min, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1 g∶40 mL. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of organic acid components can reach 5.16% with a relative error of 0.96% compared to the theoretical value. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatiotemporal variation in raft-based kelp aquaculture in Heiniwan Bay using a remote sensing and monitoring technique LI Xin, HAO Zengzhou, LI Yunzhou, HUANG Haiqing, PAN Delu Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 25-33.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025036 Abstract （318）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （4658KB）（189）       Knowledge map    Accurate assessment of the scale and distribution of offshore marine aquaculture is critical for effective management, spatial planning, and ecological protection. This study employed high-resolution Sentinel-2A/2B satellite imagery, a U-Net deep learning model for automatic feature extraction, and human-computer interactive correction to map the spatial extent of raft-based kelp farming in Heiniwan Bay from 2016 to 2024. The analysis revealed a three-phase development trajectory in the aquaculture area over the nine-year period. Spatial distribution exhibited a stable “north-south agglomeration with central sparsity” pattern. The observed spatiotemporal dynamics reflect the combined influence of technological advancements, policy interventions, and natural environmental conditions. These findings offer a robust scientific basis for optimizing aquaculture zoning, adaptive management strategies, and ecological governance in coastal regions with comparable aquaculture practices and environmental settings. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessment of PPP-B2b kinematic positioning performance under vehicle and vessel scenarios XIE Xiaofeng, ZHANG Yuanfan, WANG Zhenjie, DU Jun Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 118-131.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240075 Abstract （313）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （7648KB）（92）       Knowledge map    The assessment of PPP-B2b kinematic positioning performance under different scenarios will be an important reference for users and contribute to the expansion of the application scope and promotion of BDS-3. In this study, the kinematic positioning performance of the PPP-B2b service of BDS-3 under different scenarios was comprehensively analyzed by performing one vehicle experiment and one vessel experiment. Experimental results indicate that using the post-processing product released by the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam-German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) as a reference, the PPP-B2b product had orbit correction accuracy up to the decimeter level and clock correction accuracy up to the sub-meter level. In the vehicle experiment of PPP-B2b, multipath-root mean square (MP-RMS) for BDS-3 B1/B2 frequencies was 41.3 cm, while that for GPS L1/L2 frequencies was 52.2 cm. The positioning accuracies of BDS-3 in the horizontal and vertical directions were 10.3 and 10.5 cm and those of the BDS-3+GPS combination were 5.6 and 4.9 cm, respectively. In the vessel experiment of PPP-B2b, the MP-RMS for BDS-3 B1/B2 frequencies was 52.5 cm, while that for GPS L1/L2 frequencies was 70.4 cm. The accuracy values of BDS-3 in the horizontal and vertical directions were 22.5 and 12.0 cm and those of the BDS-3+GPS combination were 9.7 and 5.1 cm, respectively. The overall impact of multipath effects on the kinematic positioning performance of PPP-B2b in the vessel environment was slightly greater than that in the vehicle environment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The isolation and identification of the southern blight-causing pathogen in Houttuynia cordata Thunb. and screening of its biocontrol agent Trichoderma spp. WANG Xingqiang, LI Hongmei, XU Weisheng, WEI Yanli, CHEN Kai, LI Jishun Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 46-55.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240078 Abstract （304）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （4046KB）（387）       Knowledge map    Southern blight is a key disease that harms the growth of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. To identify the pathogenic fungi that cause southern blight in H. cordata, tissue isolation was conducted on H. cordata samples infected with southern blight from Dangyang, Hubei province, China. Furthermore, screening was conducted to determine the morphology and molecular biology of the infected plant, and the isolated pathogens were screened against the antagonist Trichoderma. The results identified Athelia rolfsii as isolated pathogenic fungi. Three Trichoderma strains with fungal inhibition rate greater than 95% were screened through a plate confrontation assay. Among them, Trichoderma asperellum QT21918 exhibited the effects of hyphal hyperparasitism and fungal lysis on A. rolfsii and its inhibitory rates for volatile and nonvolatile metabolites were 38.21% and 50.54%, respectively. In vitro leaf tests demonstrated that this strain had a fungal inhibitory rate of 67.7% against the spread of the lesions associated with southern blight disease. A pot-based experiment showed that optimal control effect was achieved by simultaneously inoculating T. asperellum QT 21918 and the pathogen as well as by first inoculating T. asperellum QT21918 for 7 days and then inoculating the pathogen, both methods achieving a control effect of 100%. The above results indicate that T. asperellum QT21918 has potential as a biocontrol agent against southern blight in H. cordata. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quality control study of Jingfang granules through combined fingerprinting and comprehensive assessment of activity MIAO Ran, GUAN Yongxia, GUO Huanying, ZHANG Guimin, WANG Xiao, ZHAO Hengqiang Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 22-30.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240104 Accepted: 22 September 2025 Online available: 22 September 2025 Abstract （304）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （1955KB）（20）       Knowledge map    Combined fingerprinting and comprehensive assessment of activity techniques were used in this study to determine the quality control of Jingfang granules. Separation was performed using an Agilent TC-C18 chromatographic column （4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm），gradient elution performed using an acetonitrile-0.8% formic acid aqueous solution，and ESI-TOF/mass spectrometer was used for analysis. The chemical constituents of Jingfang granules were identified through the precise molecular weight information of the parent and daughter ions of compounds and by consulting references. Molecular docking was used to examine the bonding ability of the following five chemical componentsto neuraminidase （NA）： prim-O-glucosylcimifugin （POG），ferulic acid，hesperidin，naringin，and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol （SOGH）. The antioxidant activity of the five components was evaluated by an ABTS free radical scavenging in vitro experiment. Fingerprinting and quantitative assay were used to evaluate the quality of Jingfang granules. From the results，twenty-four chemical components were identified within the Jingfang granules. Molecular docking results revealed the high binding capacity of NA to POG，ferulic acid，naringin，and SOGH，with a minimum recorded binding energy of <-5 kcal/mol. Free radical scavenging in vitro experiments revealed that all the five components exhibited certain antioxidant activities. The compositional similarity of different batches of Jingfang granules was found to be relatively close，but there were some differences in the content of the five components，which may be attributed to differences in the sources of Chinese herbal medicines.This study provides methodological and conceptual support for overall quality evaluation studies of Jingfang granules. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A novel voltammetric pH sensor for in situ monitoring of seawater microbial fuel cell LI Yiwei, SONG Jin, LI Yunzhou, WANG Juncheng Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 72-83.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025026 Abstract （294）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （4385KB）（327）       Knowledge map    Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) hold considerable potential in bioelectricity generation and bioremediation, and their operational processes are highly sensitive to pH fluctuations. Therefore, online pH monitoring is crucial for optimizing the performance of MFCs. Existing pH meters often fall short in meeting the specific demands associated with online pH monitoring. In this study, we designed a novel voltammetric pH sensor based on electrochemically in situ-synthesized graphene-modified screen-printed electrodes. By surface coupling with the hydrogen-bond carrier alizarin safirol SE, the sensor achieves excellent linearity in pH detection within the range of 4.0 to 9.0, with a sensitivity of 70.7 mV per pH unit. The measurement cycle could be controlled within 15 s. This study successfully demonstrated in situ long-term pH dynamic monitoring in a seawater-based MFC constructed using coastal activated sludge, yielding ideal results. Notably, the incorporation of the aforementioned hydrogen-bond carrier enhanced the proton diffusion rate at the graphene interface, thereby improving the performance of the voltammetric pH sensor. Furthermore, this study revealed the considerable potential of this strategy for improving the reference system, which is expected to further substantially enhance the long-term sensing performance of this strategy. In addition, this strategy provides a new approach for long-term in situ online pH monitoring and thereby contribues to the future development of MFCs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on an adaptive accident duration-prediction model based on freeway accident data JIANG Xiaoqing, WAN Qingsong, HAO Wenbang, LI Li, CHENG Weiping Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 104-114.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240094 Abstract （291）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （3262KB）（38）       Knowledge map    Freeway traffic accidents seriously affect road safety and accessibility. Accurately predicting the durations of accidents is key to improving emergency response efficiency，alleviating traffic congestion，and reducing the risk of secondary accidents. This paper proposes an adaptive parameter-optimization model based on a deep belief network （DBN） and genetic algorithm （GA） for predicting traffic accident durations. Traffic accident data from freeways in Shandong province were collected from 2020 to 2022，including 16 variables such as road，temporal attributes，and environmental attributes. The Spearman correlation coefficient and box plots were used to analyze the correlation between each variable and the accident duration，ensuring the validity and significance of the selected variables. Based on this analysis，we developed an adaptive parameter optimization-based prediction model，GADBN，using numerous traffic accident data. This model integrates the global search and optimization capabilities of the GA to notably improve the predictive accuracy of the DBN. To validate the model effectiveness，experimental comparisons were conducted with other algorithms such as support vector regression，radial basis functions，XGBoost，and DBNs，with mean absolute percentage error (δMAPE) and root-mean-square error (δRMSE) being used as evaluation metrics. The experimental results showed that the GADBN model achieved δMAPE and δRMSE values of 16.49% and 9.12，respectively，outperforming the other comparison models，thereby demonstrating its effectiveness and practicality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation and identification of Trichoderma strains against ginger root rot JIANG Yanqing, YANG Jianwen, LI Yang, SUN Haisen, HU Jindong, LI Jishun, YANG Hetong, WU Yuanzheng Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 56-66.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240087 Abstract （284）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （2493KB）（127）       Knowledge map    Ginger root rot is a soil-borne disease in ginger planting, which is mainly caused by Fusarium spp. and can induce serious reduction or even extinction of ginger yield. Thirty-four Trichoderma strains with antifungal activity were isolated from the soil collected from representative ginger planting areas in Shandong province. Based on their antibiotic properties, antagonistic coefficients, and spore production capabilities, three highly effective Trichoderma strains were selected for their antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi (Foz): TW20111, TW20321, and TW20323. Morphological observations and molecular biological identifications classified strain TW20111 as Trichoderma atroviride and strains TW20321 and TW20323 as Trichoderma harzianum. The efficacy of these three Trichoderma strains in controlling ginger root rot was assessed under greenhouse and field conditions. Under greenhouse conditions, T. harzianum TW20321 showed the highest control efficacy of 86.33%, significantly promoted ginger plant height, and moderately increased ginger yield compared to carbendazim treatment. Field experiments revealed that the control efficacy of any two combined Trichoderma strains was significantly higher than that of a single strain, with the combination of TW20111 and TW20321 achieving the highest control efficacy of 68.90%. This combination also resulted in the greatest increases in plant height and single plant yield, which rose by 19.31% and 27.43%, respectively, compared to the control group.This study provided a basis for the development of new bio-pesticides for the effective control of ginger root rot. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of pathogens causing root rot of American ginseng in Weihai and screening of biocontrol Trichoderma strains ZHANG Jiahui, LI Hongmei, CHEN Dongmei, YANG Han, HU Jindong, LI Jishun, WEI Yanli Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 67-77.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240080 Abstract （277）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （4148KB）（41）       Knowledge map    In order to explore effective biological control resources for the cultivation of American ginseng, identification of pathogen species and screening of highly effective biocontrol Trichoderma were carried out for the root rot of American ginseng in Weihai. Through tissue isolation, morphological analysis, and dual-gene (ITS/TEF1-α) phylogenetic analysis, the pathogens responsible for root rot were isolated and identified. The pathogenicity was confirmed using Koch's postulates, and the abundance of key pathogens in the rhizosphere soils of diseased and healthy plants was analyzed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Finally, biocontrol Trichoderma strains were screened through plate antagonism assays and pot experiments. The results showed that 125 fungal strains were isolated from the rotten roots of American ginseng, with Fusarium being the dominant genus, accounting for 70.91%. Four pathogenic strains were identified: F. solani (XYS-1), F. oxysporum (XYS-2), F. proliferatum (XYS-33), and Alternaria alternata (XYS-44). qPCR analysis revealed that the abundance of F. solani, F. oxysporum, and A. alternata in the rhizosphere soils of diseased plants was 42.35%, 13.80%, and 33.44% higher, respectively, than healthy plants. Three Trichoderma strains showed significant inhibitory effects against these pathogens. Specifically, strain HB20111 inhibited F. solani by 66.94%, strain KZ23651 inhibited F. oxysporum by 76.00%, and strain QT20747 inhibited A. alternata by 65.20%. Greenhouse pot experiments showed that Trichoderma inoculation increased plant height, root fresh weight, chlorophyll content in the leaf, and root activity of American ginseng while reducing the incidence of root rot. In this study, we identified the pathogens causing the root rot of American ginseng in Weihai and screened biocontrol Trichoderma strains, which provided a foundation for sustainable control of the root rot of American ginseng in this region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on waste heat recovery using thermochemical heat-storage materials DONG Zhaoyi, WANG Cong Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 118-129.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240086 Abstract （275）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （4623KB）（74）       Knowledge map    To address the energy shortages problem, in addition to developing new and renewable energy sources, the recovery and utilization of waste heat resources have gained increasing attention, particularly low-grade industrial waste heat. Traditional integrated waste heat adsorption beds suffer from slow heat transfer and uneven temperature distribution, severely limiting the efficiency of waste heat storage. This study proposes a staggered adsorption bed that utilizes thermochemical hydration salts for low-grade waste heat recovery. Results show that the heat-storage rate of this adsorption bed is three times that of traditional adsorption beds. In terms of the heat transfer, it effectively mitigates the issue of uneven heating duration of materials across the adsorption bed. In terms of the mass transfer, a multidirectional mass transfer reduces the contact time between water vapor and materials, avoiding conditions for the secondary hydration of heat-storage materials. Therefore, the “staggered adsorption bed” has unique advantages in heat and mass transfer, providing a novel approach for the design and improvement of adsorption heat-storage beds for waste heat recovery. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ultrasound-induced mutation breeding of high lipid content Chlorella sp. SONG Liuyang, SONG Wenlu, SUI Zhanbin, ZHANG Qi, WANG Jinguo Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 78-85.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240083 Abstract （269）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （2519KB）（160）       Knowledge map    To enhance the microalgae lipid content, Chlorella sp. was subjected to ultrasonic mutagenesis. Mutagenesis was performed for 20 minutes under conditions of 40 kHz and 100 W, resulting in the cultivation of 10 mutant strains (M1-M10). Further screening led to the selection of three stable high-lipid-producing strains, namely M2, M5, and M7. These strains were analyzed to determine their biomass concentration and lipid, chlorophyll, and protein mass concentration and percentage. The results indicated that the biomass mass concentrations of M2, M5, and M7 were 0.384, 0.379, and 0.443 g/L, respectively. The lipid yields of M2, M5, and M7 were 14.70, 13.34, and 25.11 mg/L, respectively, all of which were higher than that of the wild type (WT) strain, which had a recorded yield of 9.38 mg/L.Compared to the WT, the chlorophyll yield of the mutant strains increased by 14.41%, 3.01%, and 10.24%, respectively, while the protein content of the mutant strains increased by 7.30%, 10.52%, and 13.66%, respectively. This study is of great significance to the industrialized production of biodiesel. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of enzyme-water continuous extraction of ginsenosides from fibrous roots of American ginseng using response surface methodology WANG Haiyan, YU Ping, WANG Xin, YU Hongxia, ZHOU Jie, FANG Lei Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 10-21.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240113 Accepted: 21 March 2025 Online available: 23 September 2025 Abstract （269）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （4658KB）（93）       Knowledge map    To optimize the extraction process for ginsenosides from the fibrous roots of American ginseng，the enzyme-water method was used for continuous extraction of ginsenosides from American ginseng. The total ginsenosides extraction yield was used as the evaluation index，and the extraction process was optimized using the response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal enzymatic extraction conditions were as follows： α-amylase with an enzyme concentration of 7.3%，a liquid/solid ratio of 30 mL/g，and an enzymatic hydrolysis time of 1.2 h. After enzymatic hydrolysis，a secondary water extraction was performed，and the optimal conditions were as follows： a liquid/solid ratio of 27 mL/g，an extraction temperature of 89 ℃，and an extraction time of 1.3 h. Under these conditions，the total ginsenosides extraction yield reached 16.61%. Since it is stable，simple，and efficient，this method has significantly improved the extraction yield and avoided the waste of resources. It partially fills a gap in the extraction process of total ginsenosides from the fibrous roots of American ginseng and provides a reference for further purification，refinement，and activity studies of total ginsenosides. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A standardized method for evaluating the fluorescence performance of seawater chlorophyll-a sensors WANG Aijun, WANG Cong, SHI Chaoying, ZHAO Hong Shandong Science    2025, 38 (3): 84-89.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025003 Abstract （262）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （1247KB）（102）       Knowledge map    Seawater chlorophyll-a sensors are essential tools for marine ecological monitoring, enabling the detection of spatial and temporal variations in chlorophyll-a concentration. However, these sensors are susceptible to measurement drift, which can compromise data reliability. This study proposes a metrological approach for evaluating sensor performance using fluorescein sodium as a reference standard. Sensor performance was assessed in terms of linear response range, accuracy, precision, and stability. Results indicated a strong positive correlation between fluorescence intensity and fluorescein concentration. Based on the fitted calibration curve, indication error and standard deviation were calculated. The linear response range was determined by controlling the correlation coefficient, whereas stability was assessed through repeated measurements over different time periods. Within the linear range of 0 to 200 μg/L, the maximum measurement error was ≤2.00 μg/L, and the relative standard deviation was <0.20%. The sensor exhibited consistent performance from 2021 to 2022. Maintaining consistent pipetting accuracy was identified as a critical factor for ensuring measurement reliability. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A high-throughput sequencing-based exploration of the effects of Qiteng Xiaozhuo granules on miRNA expression profiles in chronic glomerulonephritis YU Mingzhe, XU Zhen, QIN Xiujuan Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 31-39.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240117 Accepted: 22 September 2025 Abstract （255）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （4116KB）（15）       Knowledge map    Using microRNA （miRNA） high-throughput sequencing technology，this study investigatedthe effects of Qiteng Xiaozhuo granules （QTXZG） on miRNA expression in the glomerular tissue of rats with chronic glomerulonephritis （CGN）. Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into three groups： the control group，the model group，and the group receiving QTXZG（n=3）. A CGN model was preparedvia intravenous injection of adriamycin into the tail，followed by 30 days of QTXZG administration via oral gavage.The histopathological effects on rat glomerular tissue were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining（HE），and miRNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs. Subsequent Gene ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analyses were used to predict related mRNAs. HE staining showed that the model group had a thicker glomerular basement membrane and increased inflammatory cell infiltration compared with those in the control group，both of which were significantly improved after undergoing QTXZG treatment. miRNA sequencing revealed 28 differentially expressed miRNAs in the model group compared with the control group，whereas the QTXZG group had 28 differentially expressed miRNAs compared with the model group. A total of 12 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified across the three groups，and after predicting their mRNAs，eight core mRNAs were identified. GO analysis highlighted the negative regulation of dendritic spine maintenance and enrichment in glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity，whereas KEGG analysis indicated the involvement of the Rap1，cAMP，and RAS signaling pathways. qRT-PCR results confirmed that miRNA expression levels in rat glomerular tissue across the three groups were consistent with the trends observed in the sequencing results. QTXZG regulates the expression of miRNAs，which may，in turn，affect the Rap1，cAMP，and RAS signaling pathways，thus playing a potential role in CGN prevention and treatment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on fouling characteristics of oil-field polymer-bearing wastewater on the surface of heat-exchanger equipment LI Fengming, GAO Yajie, WEI Zhengnan, YANG Yong, JIAO Bin, MA Yong Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 106-117.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240061 Abstract （247）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （5322KB）（186）       Knowledge map    Fouling is a common problem in the efficient conversion and utilization of energy as it significantly reduces heat transfer efficiency and jeopardizes the operational safety of equipment. In recent years, with the application of polymer oil drive technology in recent years, the fouling problem caused by HPAM in the recovered fluid has gradually attracted attention. Scaling processes are more complex and fouling is more stubborn in HPAM-containing environments than in HPAM-free environments. Herein, to address the fouling of polymer-bearing wastewater on the surface of heat-exchanger equipment, we experimentally investigated the impacts of factors such as heat-exchanger surface temperature, HPAM mass concentration, hydrolysis degree, fluid salinity, and surface roughness on the fouling rate and identified the fouling patterns of polymer-bearing wastewater on such surfaces. It was found that polymer concentration is the most important factor affecting the fouling rate of polymer-bearing wastewater. The fouling rate decreases and then increases with increasing HPAM mass concentration, and HPAM exerts an antagonistic effect on the fouling rate. The fouling rate increases with increasing heat-exchanger surface temperature, and boiling accelerates the surface fouling rate. In addition, there is a critical degree of HPAM hydrolysis at which the fouling rate is the highest, while the surface roughness has no significant effect on scaling rate. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of direct-contact ultrasonic vacuum drying on the drying characteristics and quality of dandelion CAI Yuanyuan, DONG Hongjing, SHAO Rencai, LIU Feng Shandong Science    2026, 39 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025032 Accepted: 18 November 2025 Online available: 18 November 2025 Abstract （240）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （1660KB）（45）       Knowledge map    This study investigated the effects of direct-contact ultrasonic vacuum drying on the drying characteristics and quality of dandelion. Dandelion samples were dried under different ultrasonic power levels and compared with samples processed via vacuum freeze-drying, shade drying, and hot-air drying in terms of color, flavonoid content, and cichoric acid content. Results showed that the drying rate increased with increasing ultrasonic power and drying temperature. The Page and Two-term models provided the best fit for the drying kinetics. The color of samples dried via direct-contact ultrasonic vacuum drying at 192 W was closest to that of fresh samples among all considered methods. At 192 W, the flavonoid content in the solution after rehydration was significantly higher than that obtained using other drying methods(p<0.05). In addition, total flavonoid and cichoric acid contents at 192 W were 57.09 and 12.35 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, comprehensive evaluation using the entropy weight-grey relational analysis method showed that the samples dried at 192 W exhibited the highest correlation degree and ranked first overall among all drying methods. This study confirms that direct-contact ultrasonic vacuum drying can effectively improve the drying characteristics and quality of dandelion, providing references for applications in food and traditional Chinese medicine. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristic chromatograms and content determination of artificial musk in Liushen series preparations based on gas chromatography GUO Lumei, WANG Yingchao, ZHANG Zhenkai, LIU Xingpeng, CHEN Feng Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 42-51.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025021 Accepted: 28 October 2025 Online available: 28 October 2025 Abstract （238）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （3729KB）（19）       Knowledge map    A scientific, unified, and reliable characteristic chromatograms and determine the content of artificial musk in the Liushen series of preparations was established using gas chromatography (GC) to accurately reflect its quality, providing an experimental basis for subsequent revisions of quality standards. The similarity of characteristic chromatograms from 39 batches of Liushen series preparations was analyzed using Traditional Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation Software(2012 version), with similarities all above 0.995. Liushen pills exhibited 5 characteristic peaks, while Liushen capsules showed 4, one of which was identified as muscone. The content of artificial musk in three types of preparations was determined, with muscone showing a good linear relationship within the range of 0.006 4~0.638 8 mg/mL(R=0.999). The average recovery rates(relative standard deviation) for pills, capsules, and gel agents were 102.3% (1.0%), 97.3% (1.5%), and 103.1% (1.6%) respectively. The established GC characteristic chromatograms and content determination method can comprehensively reflect the quality of artificial musk in LiuShen series preparations and can be used for quality control of artificial musk in these preparations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Toxicological effects of micro/nanoplastics with different particle sizes on Microcystis aeruginosa YE Hongyan, ZHAO Zihan, LIU Chunhui, YAO Yihan, YUE Shizhong, WANG Ruiping Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 95-105.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240076 Abstract （237）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （3798KB）（846）       Knowledge map    Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) and microalgae are widely distributed in water and MNPs that adhere to the surface of microalgae or enter their internal structures will enter the food chain in large quantities, posing a great threat to aquatic ecosystems. The physiological effects of MNPs on algae vary depending on their particle sizes. In this study, polystyrene micro/nanoplastics(PS-MNPs) particles were selected as target pollutants to investigate their toxicological effects on Microcystis aeruginosa (FACHB 905) at different concentrations (5, 10, 50 and 250 mg/L) and particle sizes (100 μm and 80 nm). Results showed that the inhibition effect of 80 nm PS-MNPs exerted a more potent inhibitory effect on the growth of algal, chlorophyll a and phycobiliprotein synthesis than 100 μm PS-MNPs, and the inhibitory effect was more obvious with the increase of PS concentration. In addition, the activities of catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde dehydrogenase (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in microalgae cells were significantly increased under the stress of high concentration of PS-MNPs, indicating that high concentration of PS-MNPs caused oxidative damage to algal cells, and smaller PS-MNPs particles can lead to more severe oxidative damage. The toxicity of PS-MNPs with different particle sizes toward M. aeruviosa mainly led to cell destruction through surface adsorption, which affected photosynthesis and energy metabolism of algal cells, hindering normal physiological and biochemical reactions in algal cells. This study, by exploring the toxicity mechanism of PS-MNPs to microcystis aeruginosa, is of great significance for the risk assessment of PS-MNPs, and provides a theoretical basis for the prevention of M. aeruginosa bloom. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Topological analysis reveals mechanism of Panax notoginseng saponin in the treatment of gouty arthritis based on network pharmacology and in vitro experiments GUO Yingjian, YU Jinqian, DONG Hongjing, WANG Chuangchuang, ZHONG Kai, WANG Xiao Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 40-48.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240121 Accepted: 01 July 2025 Abstract （236）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （3947KB）（1183）       Knowledge map    In this study，we analyzed the active components and mechanism of Panax notoginseng saponin （PNS） in treatment of gouty arthritis （GA） through network pharmacology，molecular docking，and cellular experiments. An in vitro hyperuricemia cell model was established using adenosine and xanthine oxidase to induce HK-2 cells. Moreover，the uric acid-lowering activity of PNS at different doses was assessed. Network pharmacology was used to explore the potential mechanism of PNS in the treatment of GA，and key targets were validated using molecular docking. Results revealed that PNS could inhibit the release of uric acid from renal tubular epithelial cells that was induced by adenosine and xanthine oxidase. In addition，15 key targets related to GA intervention were identified from PNS. Results of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses suggested that PNS may exert therapeutic effects on GA by regulating multiple signaling pathways，such as JAK2-STAT3，AGE-RAGE，and calcium signaling. The molecular docking results showed that the binding energies of each active component with key targets such as STAT3，PTAFR，and IL2 were all lower than -5 kcal/mol，indicating good affinity，which can be used as potential therapeutic targets. This study provides a reference for the use of PNS in the treatment of GA. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of ammonium polyphosphate and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate on NR/BR composite properties XU Lijie, ZHANG Xu, XU Ruilong, ZHENG Jiawang, JIANG Yiting, ZHAO Shuai, LI Lin Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 86-94.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240072 Abstract （236）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （8881KB）（39）       Knowledge map    As a common flame retardant, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) can considerably improve the flame retardancy of rubber, but the molecular structure of APP shows that it contains a large number of ammonium phosphate groups, rendering it highly hygroscopic. To address this hygroscopic issue of APP, microencapsulated APP (MF201) was obtained by coating APP microcapsules with melamine resin. Although MF201 can solve the hygroscopic issue of APP, the presence of microencapsulated shells may affect the properties of rubber. To study the difference between the two flame retardants, APP and MF201 were introduced into a natural rubber/butadiene rubber (NR/BR) composite to investigate their impacts on the hardness, flame retardancy, wear resistance, and other physical and mechanical properties of NR/BR composites. The results show that the addition of APP and MF201 can improve the flame retardancy, hardness, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of NR/BR composites. Due to the plasticizing effect of the melamine resin shell, the hardness of NR/BR composites decreases slightly when MF201 is added. Furthermore, APP and MF201 improve the flame retardancy of NR/BR composites to the same extend. For example, 45 phr APP and MF201 increase the limiting oxygen index of NR/BR composites to 25.5% and their UL-94 combustion rating to HB. In addition, the effects of APP and MF201 on wear resistance are basically the same. The NR/BR composites with MF201 added have lower hardness and higher elongation at break. Therefore, the microencapsulated shell did not change the flame retardant and wear resistance of APP to NR/BR composites, but increased the elongation at break and reduced the hardness. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different coagulants on the anaerobic biodegradation of microcystin-LR in water treatment MA Guangxiang, JU Tiantian, XIA Yanzhao, CHEN Linlin, SONG Wenyang, LIU Yue Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 123-130.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240126 Abstract （223）   HTML （3）    PDF（pc） （4325KB）（38）       Knowledge map    This study investigated the effects of different coagulants—namely chitosan，polyaluminum chloride （PAC），and ferric chloride （FeCl3）—on cyanobacterial cell breakage and microcystin-LR （MC-LR） anaerobic biodegradation in raw water containing algae during conventional drinking-water treatment. Analyses were conducted using three-dimensional excitation emission matrix （3D-EEM） fluorescence spectroscopy，scanning electron microscopy，and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results showed that coagulated flocs generated by the action of FeCl3 had no significant effect on cyanobacterial cell breakage or total MC-LR degradation. Chitosan initially protected cyanobacterial cells and adsorbed extracellular MC-LR； however，its effectiveness declined over time. Meanwhile，PAC significantly exacerbated cyanobacterial cell breakage，leading to the massive release of intracellular toxins，which ultimately accelerated the degradation rate of total MC-LR. In addition，3D-EEM fluorescence spectroscopy revealed increasing concentrations of five substance types，such as the ammoniacal/tryptophan protein zone and tyrosine/tryptophan zone，indicating that the different coagulants had a significant effect on the production of extracellular polymers in the sludge. Further，the related substances increased in amount the fastest when PAC was used. This study is the first to systematically investigate the mechanisms by which coagulants affect cyanobacterial cells and MC-LR anaerobic degradation，providing an important reference for the efficient removal of cyanobacteria and their toxins from waterworks sludge. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamic characteristics of a trough solar energy-coupled compressed air energy storage system QIN Haoxuan, CHEN Wei Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 64-78.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240133 Abstract （223）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （5643KB）（24）       Knowledge map    Under the national dual-carbon policy and energy transition，the need for coordinated development between compressed air energy storage （CAES） technology and renewable energy has grown significantly. A solar auxiliary reheating compressed air energy storage （SAR-CAES） system is proposed. The system integrates a parabolic trough solar collector with an advanced adiabatic CAES system for achieving energy release. A mathematical model of the trough solar collector and a three-stage expansion advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage system were established. Using the discretization algorithm in Matlab，the models were coupled to analyze the impact of months and latitudes on key system parameters. Results show that the resultant dynamic model satisfies the first and second laws of thermodynamics. After auxiliary heating，the heat load of the auxiliary heat exchanger increased clearly. Medium regenerator and Low regenerator barely participated in heat exchange，but generated considerable exergic loss. The efficiency of compressed air energy storage clearly improved after auxiliary heating，reaching its peak during the summer solstice at the Tropic of Cancer. The effective utilization efficiency of the solar energy in this system is higher than that of a solar-driven ammonia-water regenerative Rankine cycle system，with a maximum efficiency during the winter solstice—67.86% higher than that of the ammonia-water power cycle. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experiment on a fine-scale marine drifting buoy observation network LI Bin, ZHANG Wen, LI Yunzhou, ZHAO Qiang, XU Dengke Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 22-28.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025050 Accepted: 14 October 2025 Online available: 14 October 2025 Abstract （221）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （5062KB）（25）       Knowledge map    An innovative marine fine-scale drifting buoy and its networked observation system were designed. The buoy hardware featured a self-developed detachable wave-resistant structure and low-power core component integration technology. With the help of its dual-antenna communication architecture, the buoy was subjected to laboratory and field lake tests to quantitatively evaluate its measurement accuracy, environmental adaptability, and data stability. Based on LoRa-enabled distributed IoT communication technology, an innovative topological networking architecture was used to construct a four-node, 10 km-scale 3D observation network with a packet loss rate of less than 0.1%. FFT spectral analysis was conducted to analyze data features, and a noise reduction method was proposed. Test results showed that the network could synchronously capture quasi-steady-state ocean environmental data, providing a scalable solution for high-density, multi-dimensional, fine-scale ocean monitoring. The research results were applied in teaching practice. In addition, expansion to a 10-node network has been planned to advance the engineering application of fine-scale ocean observation technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on preparation and properties of rapidly vulcanized nitrile rubber LI Yutong, CHEN Dongping, LI Tiezhu, WANG Fushan, LI Lin, WANG Hui Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 86-93.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240135 Accepted: 02 September 2025 Online available: 02 September 2025 Abstract （220）   HTML （2）    PDF（pc） （3475KB）（12）       Knowledge map    Herein, a wet-mixing process was used to improve the dispersion of fillers in nitrile latex by incorporating three types of accelerators: trialkyl chlorides (TACs), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), and zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (ZTC). These accelerators were added to cost-effective and readily available nitrile latex, followed by mixing, coagulation, washing, and drying to obtain nitrile rubber nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). A novel rapidly-vulcanized NBR was developed using the properties of NBR3445F and NBR3345 as reference standards, and the effects of different types and dosages of accelerators on the vulcanization characteristics, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the developed NBR were studied. Results showed that compared with conventional rapidly vulcanized NBR, the developed NBR with 2 parts of accelerator TAC (TAC-2) exhibited 4.7 s higher vulcanization speed, a 138% higher tensile strength, and 59% higher tear strength. This NBR also exhibited substantially higher overall performance than NBRs with the other two accelerators, ZTC and TMTD. These findings were well aligned with the microstructural characteristics observed in scanning electron microscopy image. Based on the premise of ensuring rapid vulcanization speed and safe processing performance, TAC, an accelerator with better performance, can be selected to manufacture a rapidly vulcanized NBR, providing a technical path and an experimental basis for the development of related materials. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on optimization of deep fermentation conditions for Morchella and its antioxidant activity LIAN Hanyu, ZHENG Zhiqi, YU Qing, WANG Jiahui, SHA Yujie, QU Jie Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 69-76.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240157 Accepted: 17 July 2025 Online available: 17 July 2025 Abstract （216）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （6630KB）（34）       Knowledge map    To improve the total antioxidant activity of fermented Morchella, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the composition and culture conditions of the fermentation medium. In the single-factor experiments, the concentrations of sucrose, yeast powder,(NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, and MgSO4·7H2O, as well as pH value in the fermentation medium were changed, to screen for optimal conditions based on the total antioxidant value of the fermentation broth. Then, based on the results of the single-factor experiments, three main influencing factors were selected for the Box-Behnken response surface design, and variance analysis and regression analysis were carried out using Design-Expert software. The results showed that the optimal composition of the medium was: yeast extract 4.3 g/L, sucrose 32 g/L, MgSO4·7H2O 1.5 g/L, KH2PO4 1.4 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 2.5 g/L, and a pH of 6. These conditions significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of the fermentation broth and were cost-effective. The findings of this study provide theoretical and practical guidance for the Morchella fermentation industry, help to improve the quality and antioxidant performance of Morchella fermentation products, and further promote the applications of Morchella in health supplements, cosmetics, and other fields. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics