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Quantitative analysis of seven major ginsenoside components of Panaxquinquefolius L. from different origins ZHU Heng, DING Hui, WANG Xiao, LI Lili Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240118 Accepted: 23 September 2025 Online available: 23 September 2025 Abstract （416）   HTML （180）    PDF（pc） （2346KB）（235）       Knowledge map    Panaxquinquefolius L. is a medicine-food homology used in traditional Chinese medicine，of which ginsenosides are an important active component.The ginsenoside content of Panaxquinquefolius L. is closely related to its quality. Due to the effects of the geographical environment，the ginsenoside content of Panaxquinquefolius L.from different origins varies. Based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry，this study established a quantitative analysis method for seven major ginsenoside components，through which the content of 27 batches of samples from domestic and foreign origin swasanalyzed. The results showed that the contents of ginsenosides Rb1，Re，Rg1，Rd，Ro，and the pseudoginsenoside F11 were highest in the Panaxquinquefolius L. produced in Canada. The contents of the ginsenosides Rb1，Rg1，Rd，and Ro in the Panaxquinquefolius L. produced in the United States were higher than those from the three domestic production origins （Jilin，Shandong，and Liaoning province）. The contents of the ginsenoside Re and the pseudoginsenoside F11 in Panaxquinquefolius L.produced in Shandong were higher than those produced in the United States. The contents of the rare ginsenoside Rg3 in the Panaxquinquefolius L. produced in Jilin and Liaoning were higher than that of the United States and Canada. This study revealed the differences in the content of seven ginsenosides in Panaxquinquefolius L. with foreign and domestic production origins，thereby providing technical support forquality control and improving quality standards for Panaxquinquefolius L. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of differential metabolites in different parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb. based on non-targeted metabolomics technology ZHANG Xuxin, ZHANG Luzhe, LIN Shuqian, ZHAO Zengcheng, MENG Zhaoqing, DONG Xiaodi, CAO Guiyun, HE Jixiang, WANG Daijie Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 29-41.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240129 Accepted: 09 July 2025 Online available: 09 July 2025 Abstract （389）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （4391KB）（36）       Knowledge map    To investigate the metabolic differences among different parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb.,a nontargeted metabolomics study was conducted on its stems, leaves, and flowers using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).Intotal,773 metabolites in positive-ion mode and 572 and 572 metabolites in negative-ion mode were identified in samples from different parts of L. japonica Thunb.; 553 differential metabolites were detected by comparing leaves and flowers; and 471 differential metabolites were detected by comparing stems and flowers, mainly phenolic acids, amino acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, and isoflavones. The pathways related to differential metabolites mainly include phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, purine metabolism, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study analyzed the predominant compounds and important metabolic pathways involved in different parts of L. japonica Thunb.,i.e.,the stems,leaves, and flowers,comparing them with medically used flowers. The findings provides a scientific basis for the further development and utilization of L. japonica Thunb. resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A computational biology-based study on the mechanism of drug-induced liver injury in patients prescribed traditional Chinese medicine treatments containing Polygonum multiflorum XI Wei, XU Long, JING Fanbo, CAO Mingchen, LI Lei, ZHANG Chunhui, DENG Ruitong Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 14-27.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240081 Abstract （385）   HTML （38）    PDF（pc） （6188KB）（1715）       Knowledge map    Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the most common adverse drug reactions. Therefore, using computational biology and artificial intelligence modeling to explore the material basis and mechanisms underlying adverse drug reactions from traditional Chinese medicine compounds is of great significance in enhancing the safety of clinical medication. In this study, we retrieved the chemical composition and target information of Compound Polygonum multiflorum and Rehmannia glutinosa Pills (CPRP), along with DILI-related targets. A CPRP-DILI protein-protein interaction network containing 362 nodes and 1 518 interactions was constructed based on this information. Gene ontology analysis indicated that in terms of molecular function CPRP-DILI primarily involves reactions to chemical substances, chemical stimuli, and organic compounds. Cellular components are primarily localized to the extracellular region, plasma membrane, and cell surface. The biological processes of CPRP-DILI involve the binding of enzymes, proteins, small molecules, and signaling receptors. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes signaling pathway analysis revealed the involvement of the PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. The key miRNAs in the miRNA regulatory network include hsa-mir-34a-5p and has-mir-155-5p. The HubGenes of the two core subnetworks include AKT1, CTNNB1, MAPK3, HIF1A, JUN, TP53, and STAT3. The clinical drugs associated with DILI include antitumor drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and immunosuppressants. Fourteen high-risk DILI compounds were predicted to be present in CPRP, including emodin, rhein, and gallic acid. The chemical components in CPRP may affect certain biological pathways in susceptible populations, interfering with hepatic angiogenesis and autophagy balance, thereby impeding liver repair processes and exacerbating liver injury. The chemical compounds may also exhibit cross-hepatotoxicity with pyrimidine-containing antitumor drugs, NSAIDs, and immunosuppressants, suggesting that caution is needed when co-administering CPRP with the aforementioned drugs in clinical settings. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A study on the role and mechanism of soluble dietary fiber in a mouse constipation model and constipated human population XIE Yao, ZHANG Zhifei, WANG Quanbo, MU Yan Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 28-38.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240100 Abstract （372）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （3269KB）（311）       Knowledge map    In order to study the role and mechanism of soluble dietary fiber in alleviating constipation, this study utilized 16S rRNA sequencing, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting methods in a mouse model of constipation. From various aspects of intestinal microecology, such as the distribution of the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acid metabolites, and the intestinal epithelial barrier, this study explored the role and molecular mechanism of soluble dietary fiber in alleviating constipation in mice. The alleviating effect of soluble dietary fiber on constipation was further confirmed in human trials. This study found that soluble dietary fiber significantly alleviated the symptoms of constipation in mice and humans. The mechanisms of action are as follows: increasing the number of probiotics such as Parabacteroides and Ligilactobacillus in the intestinal tract of mice; promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids such as acetic acid; and significantly improving the expression of genes encoding the production of intestinal tight junction proteins, along with proteins themselves, which are involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier. The results indicate that soluble dietary fiber has good alleviating effects on constipation in mice and humans, which is achieved through the production of short-chain fatty acids, the improvement of the gut microbiota, and the enhancement of the intestinal barrier. This study further confirms the value of soluble dietary fiber for application in constipated populations, providing a scientific basis for intestinal research and product development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Studies on the chemical constituents of the Dioscorea spongiosa LIU Wei, YU Jinqian, DONG Hongjing, BOTIROV Erkin Khozhiakbarovich, GUSAKOVA Svetlana Dmitrievna, WANG Xiao Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 8-13.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240071 Abstract （370）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （1142KB）（224）       Knowledge map    The chemical compositions of Dioscorea spongiosa were investigated using macroporous resin, MCI column chromatography, gel column chromatography and preparative liquid chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, ESI-MS. Ten compounds were isolated from Dioscorea spongiosa, which were identified as three aromatic compounds: diosniponol C (1), 3,5-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxybibenzyl (9), P-hydroxyphenyl butanone (10);two saponin analogues: methyl protodioscin (2), protogracillin (6); three diarylheptanoids: (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-heptane 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptane 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)heptane 3-β-D-glucopyranoside (5); one alkaloid: cyclo(l-Pro-l-Leu)(7); one sterols: β-sitosterol(8), of which compounds (3~5),(7),(9) were isolated from Dioscorea spongiosa for the first time. In this study, the chemical constituents of 70% ethanol extract of Dioscorea spongiosa were systematically isolated, which enriched the chemical composition and laid the foundation for the comprehensive development of Dioscorea spongiosa. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of the extraction process for organic acid components obtained from Lonicera japonica Thunb. using response surface methodology LI Wanying, WANG Haiyan, WANG Huicheng, ZHANG Peng, Fang Lei Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 1-7.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240053 Abstract （365）   HTML （49）    PDF（pc） （2378KB）（140）       Knowledge map    The extraction rate of organic acid components was used as an indicator to investigate the effects of extraction process parameters, namely, extraction temperature, extraction time, solid-liquid ratio, and particle size on the extraction results using the water extraction method. A response surface model was established using a Box-Behnken design to optimize the extraction process parameters for organic acid components from Lonicera japonica Thunb. with temperature, time, and solid-liquid ratio as factors. Results show that the optimal extraction process for organic acid components from Lonicera japonica Thunb. comprise an extraction temperature of 72 ℃, an extraction time of 90 min, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1 g∶40 mL. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of organic acid components can reach 5.16% with a relative error of 0.96% compared to the theoretical value. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quality control study of Jingfang granules through combined fingerprinting and comprehensive assessment of activity MIAO Ran, GUAN Yongxia, GUO Huanying, ZHANG Guimin, WANG Xiao, ZHAO Hengqiang Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 22-30.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240104 Accepted: 22 September 2025 Online available: 22 September 2025 Abstract （332）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （1955KB）（21）       Knowledge map    Combined fingerprinting and comprehensive assessment of activity techniques were used in this study to determine the quality control of Jingfang granules. Separation was performed using an Agilent TC-C18 chromatographic column （4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm），gradient elution performed using an acetonitrile-0.8% formic acid aqueous solution，and ESI-TOF/mass spectrometer was used for analysis. The chemical constituents of Jingfang granules were identified through the precise molecular weight information of the parent and daughter ions of compounds and by consulting references. Molecular docking was used to examine the bonding ability of the following five chemical componentsto neuraminidase （NA）： prim-O-glucosylcimifugin （POG），ferulic acid，hesperidin，naringin，and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol （SOGH）. The antioxidant activity of the five components was evaluated by an ABTS free radical scavenging in vitro experiment. Fingerprinting and quantitative assay were used to evaluate the quality of Jingfang granules. From the results，twenty-four chemical components were identified within the Jingfang granules. Molecular docking results revealed the high binding capacity of NA to POG，ferulic acid，naringin，and SOGH，with a minimum recorded binding energy of <-5 kcal/mol. Free radical scavenging in vitro experiments revealed that all the five components exhibited certain antioxidant activities. The compositional similarity of different batches of Jingfang granules was found to be relatively close，but there were some differences in the content of the five components，which may be attributed to differences in the sources of Chinese herbal medicines.This study provides methodological and conceptual support for overall quality evaluation studies of Jingfang granules. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The isolation and identification of the southern blight-causing pathogen in Houttuynia cordata Thunb. and screening of its biocontrol agent Trichoderma spp. WANG Xingqiang, LI Hongmei, XU Weisheng, WEI Yanli, CHEN Kai, LI Jishun Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 46-55.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240078 Abstract （327）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （4046KB）（399）       Knowledge map    Southern blight is a key disease that harms the growth of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. To identify the pathogenic fungi that cause southern blight in H. cordata, tissue isolation was conducted on H. cordata samples infected with southern blight from Dangyang, Hubei province, China. Furthermore, screening was conducted to determine the morphology and molecular biology of the infected plant, and the isolated pathogens were screened against the antagonist Trichoderma. The results identified Athelia rolfsii as isolated pathogenic fungi. Three Trichoderma strains with fungal inhibition rate greater than 95% were screened through a plate confrontation assay. Among them, Trichoderma asperellum QT21918 exhibited the effects of hyphal hyperparasitism and fungal lysis on A. rolfsii and its inhibitory rates for volatile and nonvolatile metabolites were 38.21% and 50.54%, respectively. In vitro leaf tests demonstrated that this strain had a fungal inhibitory rate of 67.7% against the spread of the lesions associated with southern blight disease. A pot-based experiment showed that optimal control effect was achieved by simultaneously inoculating T. asperellum QT 21918 and the pathogen as well as by first inoculating T. asperellum QT21918 for 7 days and then inoculating the pathogen, both methods achieving a control effect of 100%. The above results indicate that T. asperellum QT21918 has potential as a biocontrol agent against southern blight in H. cordata. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation and identification of Trichoderma strains against ginger root rot JIANG Yanqing, YANG Jianwen, LI Yang, SUN Haisen, HU Jindong, LI Jishun, YANG Hetong, WU Yuanzheng Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 56-66.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240087 Abstract （307）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （2493KB）（135）       Knowledge map    Ginger root rot is a soil-borne disease in ginger planting, which is mainly caused by Fusarium spp. and can induce serious reduction or even extinction of ginger yield. Thirty-four Trichoderma strains with antifungal activity were isolated from the soil collected from representative ginger planting areas in Shandong province. Based on their antibiotic properties, antagonistic coefficients, and spore production capabilities, three highly effective Trichoderma strains were selected for their antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi (Foz): TW20111, TW20321, and TW20323. Morphological observations and molecular biological identifications classified strain TW20111 as Trichoderma atroviride and strains TW20321 and TW20323 as Trichoderma harzianum. The efficacy of these three Trichoderma strains in controlling ginger root rot was assessed under greenhouse and field conditions. Under greenhouse conditions, T. harzianum TW20321 showed the highest control efficacy of 86.33%, significantly promoted ginger plant height, and moderately increased ginger yield compared to carbendazim treatment. Field experiments revealed that the control efficacy of any two combined Trichoderma strains was significantly higher than that of a single strain, with the combination of TW20111 and TW20321 achieving the highest control efficacy of 68.90%. This combination also resulted in the greatest increases in plant height and single plant yield, which rose by 19.31% and 27.43%, respectively, compared to the control group.This study provided a basis for the development of new bio-pesticides for the effective control of ginger root rot. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on an adaptive accident duration-prediction model based on freeway accident data JIANG Xiaoqing, WAN Qingsong, HAO Wenbang, LI Li, CHENG Weiping Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 104-114.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240094 Abstract （307）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （3262KB）（39）       Knowledge map    Freeway traffic accidents seriously affect road safety and accessibility. Accurately predicting the durations of accidents is key to improving emergency response efficiency，alleviating traffic congestion，and reducing the risk of secondary accidents. This paper proposes an adaptive parameter-optimization model based on a deep belief network （DBN） and genetic algorithm （GA） for predicting traffic accident durations. Traffic accident data from freeways in Shandong province were collected from 2020 to 2022，including 16 variables such as road，temporal attributes，and environmental attributes. The Spearman correlation coefficient and box plots were used to analyze the correlation between each variable and the accident duration，ensuring the validity and significance of the selected variables. Based on this analysis，we developed an adaptive parameter optimization-based prediction model，GADBN，using numerous traffic accident data. This model integrates the global search and optimization capabilities of the GA to notably improve the predictive accuracy of the DBN. To validate the model effectiveness，experimental comparisons were conducted with other algorithms such as support vector regression，radial basis functions，XGBoost，and DBNs，with mean absolute percentage error (δMAPE) and root-mean-square error (δRMSE) being used as evaluation metrics. The experimental results showed that the GADBN model achieved δMAPE and δRMSE values of 16.49% and 9.12，respectively，outperforming the other comparison models，thereby demonstrating its effectiveness and practicality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of pathogens causing root rot of American ginseng in Weihai and screening of biocontrol Trichoderma strains ZHANG Jiahui, LI Hongmei, CHEN Dongmei, YANG Han, HU Jindong, LI Jishun, WEI Yanli Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 67-77.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240080 Abstract （305）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （4148KB）（46）       Knowledge map    In order to explore effective biological control resources for the cultivation of American ginseng, identification of pathogen species and screening of highly effective biocontrol Trichoderma were carried out for the root rot of American ginseng in Weihai. Through tissue isolation, morphological analysis, and dual-gene (ITS/TEF1-α) phylogenetic analysis, the pathogens responsible for root rot were isolated and identified. The pathogenicity was confirmed using Koch's postulates, and the abundance of key pathogens in the rhizosphere soils of diseased and healthy plants was analyzed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Finally, biocontrol Trichoderma strains were screened through plate antagonism assays and pot experiments. The results showed that 125 fungal strains were isolated from the rotten roots of American ginseng, with Fusarium being the dominant genus, accounting for 70.91%. Four pathogenic strains were identified: F. solani (XYS-1), F. oxysporum (XYS-2), F. proliferatum (XYS-33), and Alternaria alternata (XYS-44). qPCR analysis revealed that the abundance of F. solani, F. oxysporum, and A. alternata in the rhizosphere soils of diseased plants was 42.35%, 13.80%, and 33.44% higher, respectively, than healthy plants. Three Trichoderma strains showed significant inhibitory effects against these pathogens. Specifically, strain HB20111 inhibited F. solani by 66.94%, strain KZ23651 inhibited F. oxysporum by 76.00%, and strain QT20747 inhibited A. alternata by 65.20%. Greenhouse pot experiments showed that Trichoderma inoculation increased plant height, root fresh weight, chlorophyll content in the leaf, and root activity of American ginseng while reducing the incidence of root rot. In this study, we identified the pathogens causing the root rot of American ginseng in Weihai and screened biocontrol Trichoderma strains, which provided a foundation for sustainable control of the root rot of American ginseng in this region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on waste heat recovery using thermochemical heat-storage materials DONG Zhaoyi, WANG Cong Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 118-129.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240086 Abstract （293）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （4623KB）（85）       Knowledge map    To address the energy shortages problem, in addition to developing new and renewable energy sources, the recovery and utilization of waste heat resources have gained increasing attention, particularly low-grade industrial waste heat. Traditional integrated waste heat adsorption beds suffer from slow heat transfer and uneven temperature distribution, severely limiting the efficiency of waste heat storage. This study proposes a staggered adsorption bed that utilizes thermochemical hydration salts for low-grade waste heat recovery. Results show that the heat-storage rate of this adsorption bed is three times that of traditional adsorption beds. In terms of the heat transfer, it effectively mitigates the issue of uneven heating duration of materials across the adsorption bed. In terms of the mass transfer, a multidirectional mass transfer reduces the contact time between water vapor and materials, avoiding conditions for the secondary hydration of heat-storage materials. Therefore, the “staggered adsorption bed” has unique advantages in heat and mass transfer, providing a novel approach for the design and improvement of adsorption heat-storage beds for waste heat recovery. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of enzyme-water continuous extraction of ginsenosides from fibrous roots of American ginseng using response surface methodology WANG Haiyan, YU Ping, WANG Xin, YU Hongxia, ZHOU Jie, FANG Lei Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 10-21.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240113 Accepted: 21 March 2025 Online available: 23 September 2025 Abstract （292）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （4658KB）（97）       Knowledge map    To optimize the extraction process for ginsenosides from the fibrous roots of American ginseng，the enzyme-water method was used for continuous extraction of ginsenosides from American ginseng. The total ginsenosides extraction yield was used as the evaluation index，and the extraction process was optimized using the response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal enzymatic extraction conditions were as follows： α-amylase with an enzyme concentration of 7.3%，a liquid/solid ratio of 30 mL/g，and an enzymatic hydrolysis time of 1.2 h. After enzymatic hydrolysis，a secondary water extraction was performed，and the optimal conditions were as follows： a liquid/solid ratio of 27 mL/g，an extraction temperature of 89 ℃，and an extraction time of 1.3 h. Under these conditions，the total ginsenosides extraction yield reached 16.61%. Since it is stable，simple，and efficient，this method has significantly improved the extraction yield and avoided the waste of resources. It partially fills a gap in the extraction process of total ginsenosides from the fibrous roots of American ginseng and provides a reference for further purification，refinement，and activity studies of total ginsenosides. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ultrasound-induced mutation breeding of high lipid content Chlorella sp. SONG Liuyang, SONG Wenlu, SUI Zhanbin, ZHANG Qi, WANG Jinguo Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 78-85.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240083 Abstract （283）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （2519KB）（168）       Knowledge map    To enhance the microalgae lipid content, Chlorella sp. was subjected to ultrasonic mutagenesis. Mutagenesis was performed for 20 minutes under conditions of 40 kHz and 100 W, resulting in the cultivation of 10 mutant strains (M1-M10). Further screening led to the selection of three stable high-lipid-producing strains, namely M2, M5, and M7. These strains were analyzed to determine their biomass concentration and lipid, chlorophyll, and protein mass concentration and percentage. The results indicated that the biomass mass concentrations of M2, M5, and M7 were 0.384, 0.379, and 0.443 g/L, respectively. The lipid yields of M2, M5, and M7 were 14.70, 13.34, and 25.11 mg/L, respectively, all of which were higher than that of the wild type (WT) strain, which had a recorded yield of 9.38 mg/L.Compared to the WT, the chlorophyll yield of the mutant strains increased by 14.41%, 3.01%, and 10.24%, respectively, while the protein content of the mutant strains increased by 7.30%, 10.52%, and 13.66%, respectively. This study is of great significance to the industrialized production of biodiesel. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Toxicological effects of micro/nanoplastics with different particle sizes on Microcystis aeruginosa YE Hongyan, ZHAO Zihan, LIU Chunhui, YAO Yihan, YUE Shizhong, WANG Ruiping Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 95-105.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240076 Abstract （266）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （3798KB）（1155）       Knowledge map    Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) and microalgae are widely distributed in water and MNPs that adhere to the surface of microalgae or enter their internal structures will enter the food chain in large quantities, posing a great threat to aquatic ecosystems. The physiological effects of MNPs on algae vary depending on their particle sizes. In this study, polystyrene micro/nanoplastics(PS-MNPs) particles were selected as target pollutants to investigate their toxicological effects on Microcystis aeruginosa (FACHB 905) at different concentrations (5, 10, 50 and 250 mg/L) and particle sizes (100 μm and 80 nm). Results showed that the inhibition effect of 80 nm PS-MNPs exerted a more potent inhibitory effect on the growth of algal, chlorophyll a and phycobiliprotein synthesis than 100 μm PS-MNPs, and the inhibitory effect was more obvious with the increase of PS concentration. In addition, the activities of catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde dehydrogenase (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in microalgae cells were significantly increased under the stress of high concentration of PS-MNPs, indicating that high concentration of PS-MNPs caused oxidative damage to algal cells, and smaller PS-MNPs particles can lead to more severe oxidative damage. The toxicity of PS-MNPs with different particle sizes toward M. aeruviosa mainly led to cell destruction through surface adsorption, which affected photosynthesis and energy metabolism of algal cells, hindering normal physiological and biochemical reactions in algal cells. This study, by exploring the toxicity mechanism of PS-MNPs to microcystis aeruginosa, is of great significance for the risk assessment of PS-MNPs, and provides a theoretical basis for the prevention of M. aeruginosa bloom. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A high-throughput sequencing-based exploration of the effects of Qiteng Xiaozhuo granules on miRNA expression profiles in chronic glomerulonephritis YU Mingzhe, XU Zhen, QIN Xiujuan Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 31-39.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240117 Accepted: 22 September 2025 Abstract （265）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （4116KB）（15）       Knowledge map    Using microRNA （miRNA） high-throughput sequencing technology，this study investigatedthe effects of Qiteng Xiaozhuo granules （QTXZG） on miRNA expression in the glomerular tissue of rats with chronic glomerulonephritis （CGN）. Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into three groups： the control group，the model group，and the group receiving QTXZG（n=3）. A CGN model was preparedvia intravenous injection of adriamycin into the tail，followed by 30 days of QTXZG administration via oral gavage.The histopathological effects on rat glomerular tissue were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining（HE），and miRNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs. Subsequent Gene ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analyses were used to predict related mRNAs. HE staining showed that the model group had a thicker glomerular basement membrane and increased inflammatory cell infiltration compared with those in the control group，both of which were significantly improved after undergoing QTXZG treatment. miRNA sequencing revealed 28 differentially expressed miRNAs in the model group compared with the control group，whereas the QTXZG group had 28 differentially expressed miRNAs compared with the model group. A total of 12 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified across the three groups，and after predicting their mRNAs，eight core mRNAs were identified. GO analysis highlighted the negative regulation of dendritic spine maintenance and enrichment in glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity，whereas KEGG analysis indicated the involvement of the Rap1，cAMP，and RAS signaling pathways. qRT-PCR results confirmed that miRNA expression levels in rat glomerular tissue across the three groups were consistent with the trends observed in the sequencing results. QTXZG regulates the expression of miRNAs，which may，in turn，affect the Rap1，cAMP，and RAS signaling pathways，thus playing a potential role in CGN prevention and treatment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of direct-contact ultrasonic vacuum drying on the drying characteristics and quality of dandelion CAI Yuanyuan, DONG Hongjing, SHAO Rencai, LIU Feng Shandong Science    2026, 39 (1): 1-10.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025032 Accepted: 18 November 2025 Online available: 18 November 2025 Abstract （265）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （1660KB）（47）       Knowledge map    This study investigated the effects of direct-contact ultrasonic vacuum drying on the drying characteristics and quality of dandelion. Dandelion samples were dried under different ultrasonic power levels and compared with samples processed via vacuum freeze-drying, shade drying, and hot-air drying in terms of color, flavonoid content, and cichoric acid content. Results showed that the drying rate increased with increasing ultrasonic power and drying temperature. The Page and Two-term models provided the best fit for the drying kinetics. The color of samples dried via direct-contact ultrasonic vacuum drying at 192 W was closest to that of fresh samples among all considered methods. At 192 W, the flavonoid content in the solution after rehydration was significantly higher than that obtained using other drying methods(p<0.05). In addition, total flavonoid and cichoric acid contents at 192 W were 57.09 and 12.35 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, comprehensive evaluation using the entropy weight-grey relational analysis method showed that the samples dried at 192 W exhibited the highest correlation degree and ranked first overall among all drying methods. This study confirms that direct-contact ultrasonic vacuum drying can effectively improve the drying characteristics and quality of dandelion, providing references for applications in food and traditional Chinese medicine. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Topological analysis reveals mechanism of Panax notoginseng saponin in the treatment of gouty arthritis based on network pharmacology and in vitro experiments GUO Yingjian, YU Jinqian, DONG Hongjing, WANG Chuangchuang, ZHONG Kai, WANG Xiao Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 40-48.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240121 Accepted: 01 July 2025 Abstract （264）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （3947KB）（1792）       Knowledge map    In this study，we analyzed the active components and mechanism of Panax notoginseng saponin （PNS） in treatment of gouty arthritis （GA） through network pharmacology，molecular docking，and cellular experiments. An in vitro hyperuricemia cell model was established using adenosine and xanthine oxidase to induce HK-2 cells. Moreover，the uric acid-lowering activity of PNS at different doses was assessed. Network pharmacology was used to explore the potential mechanism of PNS in the treatment of GA，and key targets were validated using molecular docking. Results revealed that PNS could inhibit the release of uric acid from renal tubular epithelial cells that was induced by adenosine and xanthine oxidase. In addition，15 key targets related to GA intervention were identified from PNS. Results of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses suggested that PNS may exert therapeutic effects on GA by regulating multiple signaling pathways，such as JAK2-STAT3，AGE-RAGE，and calcium signaling. The molecular docking results showed that the binding energies of each active component with key targets such as STAT3，PTAFR，and IL2 were all lower than -5 kcal/mol，indicating good affinity，which can be used as potential therapeutic targets. This study provides a reference for the use of PNS in the treatment of GA. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on fouling characteristics of oil-field polymer-bearing wastewater on the surface of heat-exchanger equipment LI Fengming, GAO Yajie, WEI Zhengnan, YANG Yong, JIAO Bin, MA Yong Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 106-117.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240061 Abstract （261）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （5322KB）（197）       Knowledge map    Fouling is a common problem in the efficient conversion and utilization of energy as it significantly reduces heat transfer efficiency and jeopardizes the operational safety of equipment. In recent years, with the application of polymer oil drive technology in recent years, the fouling problem caused by HPAM in the recovered fluid has gradually attracted attention. Scaling processes are more complex and fouling is more stubborn in HPAM-containing environments than in HPAM-free environments. Herein, to address the fouling of polymer-bearing wastewater on the surface of heat-exchanger equipment, we experimentally investigated the impacts of factors such as heat-exchanger surface temperature, HPAM mass concentration, hydrolysis degree, fluid salinity, and surface roughness on the fouling rate and identified the fouling patterns of polymer-bearing wastewater on such surfaces. It was found that polymer concentration is the most important factor affecting the fouling rate of polymer-bearing wastewater. The fouling rate decreases and then increases with increasing HPAM mass concentration, and HPAM exerts an antagonistic effect on the fouling rate. The fouling rate increases with increasing heat-exchanger surface temperature, and boiling accelerates the surface fouling rate. In addition, there is a critical degree of HPAM hydrolysis at which the fouling rate is the highest, while the surface roughness has no significant effect on scaling rate. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristic chromatograms and content determination of artificial musk in Liushen series preparations based on gas chromatography GUO Lumei, WANG Yingchao, ZHANG Zhenkai, LIU Xingpeng, CHEN Feng Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 42-51.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025021 Accepted: 28 October 2025 Online available: 28 October 2025 Abstract （260）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （3729KB）（21）       Knowledge map    A scientific, unified, and reliable characteristic chromatograms and determine the content of artificial musk in the Liushen series of preparations was established using gas chromatography (GC) to accurately reflect its quality, providing an experimental basis for subsequent revisions of quality standards. The similarity of characteristic chromatograms from 39 batches of Liushen series preparations was analyzed using Traditional Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation Software(2012 version), with similarities all above 0.995. Liushen pills exhibited 5 characteristic peaks, while Liushen capsules showed 4, one of which was identified as muscone. The content of artificial musk in three types of preparations was determined, with muscone showing a good linear relationship within the range of 0.006 4~0.638 8 mg/mL(R=0.999). The average recovery rates(relative standard deviation) for pills, capsules, and gel agents were 102.3% (1.0%), 97.3% (1.5%), and 103.1% (1.6%) respectively. The established GC characteristic chromatograms and content determination method can comprehensively reflect the quality of artificial musk in LiuShen series preparations and can be used for quality control of artificial musk in these preparations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of ammonium polyphosphate and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate on NR/BR composite properties XU Lijie, ZHANG Xu, XU Ruilong, ZHENG Jiawang, JIANG Yiting, ZHAO Shuai, LI Lin Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 86-94.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240072 Abstract （253）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （8881KB）（41）       Knowledge map    As a common flame retardant, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) can considerably improve the flame retardancy of rubber, but the molecular structure of APP shows that it contains a large number of ammonium phosphate groups, rendering it highly hygroscopic. To address this hygroscopic issue of APP, microencapsulated APP (MF201) was obtained by coating APP microcapsules with melamine resin. Although MF201 can solve the hygroscopic issue of APP, the presence of microencapsulated shells may affect the properties of rubber. To study the difference between the two flame retardants, APP and MF201 were introduced into a natural rubber/butadiene rubber (NR/BR) composite to investigate their impacts on the hardness, flame retardancy, wear resistance, and other physical and mechanical properties of NR/BR composites. The results show that the addition of APP and MF201 can improve the flame retardancy, hardness, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of NR/BR composites. Due to the plasticizing effect of the melamine resin shell, the hardness of NR/BR composites decreases slightly when MF201 is added. Furthermore, APP and MF201 improve the flame retardancy of NR/BR composites to the same extend. For example, 45 phr APP and MF201 increase the limiting oxygen index of NR/BR composites to 25.5% and their UL-94 combustion rating to HB. In addition, the effects of APP and MF201 on wear resistance are basically the same. The NR/BR composites with MF201 added have lower hardness and higher elongation at break. Therefore, the microencapsulated shell did not change the flame retardant and wear resistance of APP to NR/BR composites, but increased the elongation at break and reduced the hardness. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different coagulants on the anaerobic biodegradation of microcystin-LR in water treatment MA Guangxiang, JU Tiantian, XIA Yanzhao, CHEN Linlin, SONG Wenyang, LIU Yue Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 123-130.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240126 Abstract （240）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （4325KB）（40）       Knowledge map    This study investigated the effects of different coagulants—namely chitosan，polyaluminum chloride （PAC），and ferric chloride （FeCl3）—on cyanobacterial cell breakage and microcystin-LR （MC-LR） anaerobic biodegradation in raw water containing algae during conventional drinking-water treatment. Analyses were conducted using three-dimensional excitation emission matrix （3D-EEM） fluorescence spectroscopy，scanning electron microscopy，and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results showed that coagulated flocs generated by the action of FeCl3 had no significant effect on cyanobacterial cell breakage or total MC-LR degradation. Chitosan initially protected cyanobacterial cells and adsorbed extracellular MC-LR； however，its effectiveness declined over time. Meanwhile，PAC significantly exacerbated cyanobacterial cell breakage，leading to the massive release of intracellular toxins，which ultimately accelerated the degradation rate of total MC-LR. In addition，3D-EEM fluorescence spectroscopy revealed increasing concentrations of five substance types，such as the ammoniacal/tryptophan protein zone and tyrosine/tryptophan zone，indicating that the different coagulants had a significant effect on the production of extracellular polymers in the sludge. Further，the related substances increased in amount the fastest when PAC was used. This study is the first to systematically investigate the mechanisms by which coagulants affect cyanobacterial cells and MC-LR anaerobic degradation，providing an important reference for the efficient removal of cyanobacteria and their toxins from waterworks sludge. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamic characteristics of a trough solar energy-coupled compressed air energy storage system QIN Haoxuan, CHEN Wei Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 64-78.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240133 Abstract （239）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （5643KB）（25）       Knowledge map    Under the national dual-carbon policy and energy transition，the need for coordinated development between compressed air energy storage （CAES） technology and renewable energy has grown significantly. A solar auxiliary reheating compressed air energy storage （SAR-CAES） system is proposed. The system integrates a parabolic trough solar collector with an advanced adiabatic CAES system for achieving energy release. A mathematical model of the trough solar collector and a three-stage expansion advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage system were established. Using the discretization algorithm in Matlab，the models were coupled to analyze the impact of months and latitudes on key system parameters. Results show that the resultant dynamic model satisfies the first and second laws of thermodynamics. After auxiliary heating，the heat load of the auxiliary heat exchanger increased clearly. Medium regenerator and Low regenerator barely participated in heat exchange，but generated considerable exergic loss. The efficiency of compressed air energy storage clearly improved after auxiliary heating，reaching its peak during the summer solstice at the Tropic of Cancer. The effective utilization efficiency of the solar energy in this system is higher than that of a solar-driven ammonia-water regenerative Rankine cycle system，with a maximum efficiency during the winter solstice—67.86% higher than that of the ammonia-water power cycle. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on optimization of deep fermentation conditions for Morchella and its antioxidant activity LIAN Hanyu, ZHENG Zhiqi, YU Qing, WANG Jiahui, SHA Yujie, QU Jie Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 69-76.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240157 Accepted: 17 July 2025 Online available: 17 July 2025 Abstract （238）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （6630KB）（36）       Knowledge map    To improve the total antioxidant activity of fermented Morchella, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the composition and culture conditions of the fermentation medium. In the single-factor experiments, the concentrations of sucrose, yeast powder,(NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, and MgSO4·7H2O, as well as pH value in the fermentation medium were changed, to screen for optimal conditions based on the total antioxidant value of the fermentation broth. Then, based on the results of the single-factor experiments, three main influencing factors were selected for the Box-Behnken response surface design, and variance analysis and regression analysis were carried out using Design-Expert software. The results showed that the optimal composition of the medium was: yeast extract 4.3 g/L, sucrose 32 g/L, MgSO4·7H2O 1.5 g/L, KH2PO4 1.4 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 2.5 g/L, and a pH of 6. These conditions significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of the fermentation broth and were cost-effective. The findings of this study provide theoretical and practical guidance for the Morchella fermentation industry, help to improve the quality and antioxidant performance of Morchella fermentation products, and further promote the applications of Morchella in health supplements, cosmetics, and other fields. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of a dual-wavelength instrument for measuring the volume scattering function of aquatic particles TAO Bangyi, HAN Chang, LI Yunzhou, PAN Yaorui, LI Changpeng, MAO Zhihua Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025054 Accepted: 18 November 2025 Online available: 18 November 2025 Abstract （237）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （3777KB）（43）       Knowledge map    The volume scattering function (VSF) of aquatic particles is one of the most important inherent optical properties of water. However, a VSF measurement instrument in China that can cover multiple wavelengths and a wide angular range remains to be investigated. Herein, we developed a dual-wavelength (488 nm and 532 nm) aquatic particle VSF measurement system that integrates dual-periscope optical configuration with a rotating detector. This system enables VSF measurements across a scattering angle range of 1.5°~178.5° for both wavelengths. According to the optical configuration and radiative transfer principles of the system, baseline correction, angular calibration, and amplitude calibration experiments were conducted on the system. The measurement results for 3 μm polystyrene standard particles agreed well with the Mie scattering theoretical values, demonstrating the VSF measurement accuracy of the system. The system was used to perform dual-wavelength VSF measurements of natural seawater particles from the East China Sea and South China Sea and to analyze the differences in VSF characteristics between the two wavelengths. The measured VSFs can provide a basis for VSF parameterization in the radiative transfer models. In addition, asymmetry factors were calculated from the measured data to analyze the differences in scattering characteristics between the two wavelengths from the volume scattering perspective. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fracture analysis of copper nuts in the three-position mechanism of ultra-high voltage circuit breakers ZHANG Shumin, WANG Xiaoping, TIAN Jing, XU Huixia, LIU Long, DING Ning Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 56-63.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240124 Abstract （235）   HTML （2）    PDF（pc） （6622KB）（37）       Knowledge map    The three-position mechanism represents a critical mechanical component in ultra-high voltage switch circuit breakers，with the copper nut serving as a pivotal element. Premature failure of this component can significantly compromise the operational stability and longevity of the circuit breaker. This comprehensive investigation employs advanced analytical techniques to elucidate the underlying fracture mechanisms of the copper nut. Utilizing a multifaceted analytical approach，the study systematically examined the fracture morphology and material characteristics. Optical microscopy，scanning electron microscopy，and metallographic microscopy were employed to scrutinize the fracture surface and microstructural features. Complementary analyses using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and electronic universal testing machine characterized the material’s compositional and mechanical properties. The investigation revealed critical insights into the failure mechanism. Multiple crack initiation sites were identified within the fracture zone，characterized by coarse grain structures and an extensive network of precipitate particles localized at grain boundaries. The failure mode was definitively classified as cumulative fatigue damage. The primary crack source originated at the diameter transition of the shaft pin root’a structural stress concentration zone that represents the most vulnerable point in the copper nut’s mechanical design. The findings underscore the importance of structural geometry and material microstructure in predicting and mitigating mechanical failure in critical electromechanical components. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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“Startup-grid connection” duration prediction method based on the response state of thermal power units ZHANG Xudong, DUAN Chuanjun, WU Zhongjie, LI Si, WANG Chengyuan, LUO Ming Shandong Science    2025, 38 (4): 130-138.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240070 Abstract （235）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （2202KB）（76）       Knowledge map    With the rapid increase in the scale of new energy installations, the role of thermal power units in grid peak regulation has become crucial. Swift and precise prediction of the duration of the “startup-grid connection” process for thermal power units is essential for dispatchers to promptly adjust grid operation status. To address the current reliance on human experience for predicting the duration of the “startup-grid connection” process, this paper proposes a method for predicting the duration of this process for thermal power units. First, the startup-grid connection process of thermal power units is analyzed to identify key operational parameters at each stage. Then, logical calculations are leveraged to predict the duration of the “startup-grid connection” process. Results of a pilot test on a typical unit on the “Net-Source platform” indicate that the proposed model can accurately monitor the response state of the units during the “startup-grid connection” process and successfully predict its duration. This method provides timely decision support for dispatchers, helping to ensure the safety and stability of grid operations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and process optimization of pitaya pigment lipstick SONG Yingxuan, YIN Xinyi, LIANG Shulei, ZHANG Xinyu, ZHENG Zhenjia Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 52-59.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025025 Accepted: 23 October 2025 Online available: 23 October 2025 Abstract （234）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （1611KB）（15）       Knowledge map    A natural pigment lipstick was developed using pitaya pigment as the primary ingredient. Four factors—the amounts of beeswax, coconut oil, cocoa butter, and pitaya pigment—were selected. Single-factor and response surface tests were conducted, with comprehensive sensory evaluation as the assessment criterion, to determine the optimal formulation for the pitaya pigment lipstick and to conduct texture analysis. The results showed that the optimal formulation for the pitaya pigment lipstick comprised 22.14% beeswax, 67.02% coconut oil, 5.56% cocoa butter, and 5.28% pitaya pigment. Under these conditions, the validation test yielded a sensory evaluation score of 95.07±1.08, which closely matched the predicted value. The resulting lipstick had a smooth texture, moderate hardness, stable color, and caused no sensitive irritation to the skin. This study provides a reference for the development of pitaya byproducts and meets consumer demand for natural and safe products. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experiment on a fine-scale marine drifting buoy observation network LI Bin, ZHANG Wen, LI Yunzhou, ZHAO Qiang, XU Dengke Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 22-28.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025050 Accepted: 14 October 2025 Online available: 14 October 2025 Abstract （234）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （5062KB）（26）       Knowledge map    An innovative marine fine-scale drifting buoy and its networked observation system were designed. The buoy hardware featured a self-developed detachable wave-resistant structure and low-power core component integration technology. With the help of its dual-antenna communication architecture, the buoy was subjected to laboratory and field lake tests to quantitatively evaluate its measurement accuracy, environmental adaptability, and data stability. Based on LoRa-enabled distributed IoT communication technology, an innovative topological networking architecture was used to construct a four-node, 10 km-scale 3D observation network with a packet loss rate of less than 0.1%. FFT spectral analysis was conducted to analyze data features, and a noise reduction method was proposed. Test results showed that the network could synchronously capture quasi-steady-state ocean environmental data, providing a scalable solution for high-density, multi-dimensional, fine-scale ocean monitoring. The research results were applied in teaching practice. In addition, expansion to a 10-node network has been planned to advance the engineering application of fine-scale ocean observation technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Public awareness and preference for traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture based on the best-worst scaling LI Dongye, CUI Jingru, ZONG Ruiyu, LI Xin, WANG Siyu, JIA Hongling, SONG Haiyan Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 131-139.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240134 Accepted: 11 February 2025 Online available: 23 September 2025 Abstract （230）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （1110KB）（28）       Knowledge map    The purpose of this study is to use the BWS survey method to investigate the acceptance of acupuncture and moxibustion by the general public and what factors affect their choice of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy，and to investigate the existing problems of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy. A total of 219 respondents participated in this survey，the number of valid questionnaires is 201，the number of invalid questionnaires is 18. The study identified the most important and least important factors influencing acupuncture preferences，the most important being "whether acupuncture is effective" and the least important being "personal traditional beliefs"，BW scores from high to low （influence from high to low） were： Whether the efficacy of acupuncture is significant，whether the overall health can be adjusted，the level of development of acupuncture technology，whether personalized treatment can be performed，the degree of side effects，the extent of acupuncture treatment，other alternative therapies，the identification and trust of acupuncture culture，fear of acupuncture，economic factors，personal traditional ideas.In the future，the development of acupuncture and moxibustion should pay more attention to the curative effect，strengthen the publicity of the scientific nature of acupuncture and moxibustion，and contribute to promoting the development of acupuncture and moxibustion，improving the policies related to acupuncture and moxibustion and strengthening the public's trust in acupuncture and moxibustion. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatiotemporal evolution and prediction of carbon storage in the mountainous areas of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: A case study of the source region of the Yellow River LI Shan, SHEN Enting, MENG Yingpeng, CHEN Xu Shandong Science    2026, 39 (3): 54-67.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025031 Accepted: 08 September 2025 Online available: 08 September 2025 Abstract （230）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （6829KB）（338）       Knowledge map    Land-use change, as a key driving force of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle, plays a critical role in assessing carbon balance and promoting sustainable development. Based on the land-use change patterns in the source region of the Yellow River in the mountainous areas of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from 2000 to 2020, this study developed an integrated CA-Markov-InVEST-OPGD model to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of land cover and carbon storage, analyze the driving mechanism of carbon-storage changes, and predict the characteristics of carbon storage changes in a natural change scenario in the source region of the Yellow River in 2030. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, grasslands in the source region of the Yellow River declined, while unused land and water areas expanded, leading to an overall reduction in carbon storage, with high-value areas shifting toward the northwest. NDVI, elevation, and temperature were the main factors affecting carbon storage in the region, with NDVI interacting most significantly with temperature, precipitation, and population density. In the natural change scenario in 2030, the grassland area will continue to shrink while the water area will increase significantly. Carbon storage in the east and south will decline significantly, while carbon storage in some areas in the west and north will increase significantly. The overall spatial concentration of carbon storage will tend to decrease, with notable local increases and decreases. Therefore, it is essential to undertake grassland ecological protection and restoration efforts to enhance carbon sink capacity and promote regional carbon balance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on preparation and properties of rapidly vulcanized nitrile rubber LI Yutong, CHEN Dongping, LI Tiezhu, WANG Fushan, LI Lin, WANG Hui Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 86-93.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240135 Accepted: 02 September 2025 Online available: 02 September 2025 Abstract （228）   HTML （2）    PDF（pc） （3475KB）（15）       Knowledge map    Herein, a wet-mixing process was used to improve the dispersion of fillers in nitrile latex by incorporating three types of accelerators: trialkyl chlorides (TACs), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), and zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (ZTC). These accelerators were added to cost-effective and readily available nitrile latex, followed by mixing, coagulation, washing, and drying to obtain nitrile rubber nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). A novel rapidly-vulcanized NBR was developed using the properties of NBR3445F and NBR3345 as reference standards, and the effects of different types and dosages of accelerators on the vulcanization characteristics, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the developed NBR were studied. Results showed that compared with conventional rapidly vulcanized NBR, the developed NBR with 2 parts of accelerator TAC (TAC-2) exhibited 4.7 s higher vulcanization speed, a 138% higher tensile strength, and 59% higher tear strength. This NBR also exhibited substantially higher overall performance than NBRs with the other two accelerators, ZTC and TMTD. These findings were well aligned with the microstructural characteristics observed in scanning electron microscopy image. Based on the premise of ensuring rapid vulcanization speed and safe processing performance, TAC, an accelerator with better performance, can be selected to manufacture a rapidly vulcanized NBR, providing a technical path and an experimental basis for the development of related materials. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploring the mechanisms underlying the differences in the “warming the middle to dispel cold” effects of dried and baked ginger based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with network pharmacology LI Junxian, LIU Shuang, MI Yuzhang, LU Tengfei, WANG Xiao, DONG Hongjing, LIU Ziyao Shandong Science    2026, 39 (1): 21-30.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025015 Accepted: 19 November 2025 Online available: 19 November 2025 Abstract （225）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （4015KB）（32）       Knowledge map    Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was used to analyze the differences in chemical composition of dried and baked ginger.Then, network pharmacology was applied to investigate the mechanisms underlying their differences in efficacy. The chemical components of dried and baked ginger were analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, and the differential compounds were screened using partial least squares-discriminant analysisand random forest methods. SuperPRED and GeneCards databases were employed to retrieve drug and disease targets, respectively.Common targets were identified using Venn diagram mapping. Protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using the STRING database, and key targets were subjected to GO and KEGG enrichment analyses using the DAVID database.The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS identified 61 chemical components, screening out 13 differential compounds (e.g., 7-gingerol, 12-gingerol, and gingerenone A). The network pharmacology results revealed that dried ginger mainly acts on targets such as MAPK1, PTGS1, and OPRD1, mediating the expression of signaling pathways such as interleukin-17, toll-like receptor, and TNF to alleviate inflammatory responses, exerting a “warming the middle to relieve pain” effect. Baked ginger mainly targets APEX1, SLC6A5, and NFKB1, mediating the HIF-1 signaling pathway, neurotrophin signaling pathways, and apoptosis to block pain signal transmission, exerting a “warming the middle to dispelling cold” effect. By integrating chemical composition analysis and network pharmacology, this study elucidated the mechanisms underlying the distinct therapeutic effects of dried and baked ginger, providing a scientific basis for their clinical applications. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening,identification and functional evaluation of trichoderma strains antagonistic to strawberry anthracnose LIU Jianhua, JIANG Yanqing, LI Hongmei, YANG Jianwen, WEI Yanli, LIU Baojun, LI Jishun, HU Jindong Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 60-68.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025027 Accepted: 11 September 2025 Online available: 11 September 2025 Abstract （225）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （3760KB）（30）       Knowledge map    In response to the severe incidence and management challenges of strawberry anthracnose, this study targeted Colletotrichum siamense, the pathogen responsible for the disease.We used dual culture and sealed-plate assays to screen for the effective biocontrol Trichoderma strain HB 23422, which exhibited strong antagonistic activity against strawberry anthracnose,and was identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular biology as Trichoderma asperellum. On PDA plates, HB 23422 exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on Colletotrichum siamense CM9, with an inhibition rate of more than 74.55%. Vitro leaf experiments and pot experiments showed that the spore suspension of this strain could effectively reduce the incidence of strawberry anthracnose. The strain HB 23422 grows rapidly, produces abundant spores, and has excellent disease control efficacy, indicating its potential for development as microbial pesticide for environment friendly control of strawberry anthracnose. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A PELT-GM-SARIMA combined forecasting model for highway freight turnover with integrated change-point correction LI Xiaowei, HOU Shuzhan, NIU Wendi, CUI Na Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 93-103.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240147 Abstract （225）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （3085KB）（41）       Knowledge map    To address the limited accuracy of single-model forecasting and challenges faced by combined models in handling abnormal data fluctuations，this study proposes a novel forecasting method integrating mutation point correction into a pruned exact linear time （PELT）-grey prediction model（GM）-seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average （SARIMA） combined model. This method initially employs the PELT algorithm to detect fluctuations in freight turnover data and identify change points. The Grey GM（1，1） model is then used to correct anomalies at these change points，enabling the dataset to better meet the stationarity and randomness requirements for the SARIMA model. Finally，based on the optimized dataset，the SARIMA model is used to perform predictions on the refined data. Using freight turnover data from Beijing as a case study，comparative analysis of different hybrid models reveals that the proposed model exhibits superior performance than other combined models，with significant reductions in mean squared error and mean absolute error and a coefficient of determination close to 1. The PELT-GM-SARIMA model is structurally simple and can better adapt to time-series data with missing values or frequent anomalies，resulting in more accurate predictions. This study presents a more effective approach for traffic predictions in highway transportation planning and investment decision making. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of thermodynamic properties of transcritical carbon dioxide energy storage system JIANG Jiahui, ZHANG Xuelin, LI Shuangjiang, XUE Xiaodai, CHEN Wei, ZHANG Bin Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 79-92.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240105 Abstract （219）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （7430KB）（62）       Knowledge map    Carbon dioxide energy storage （CCES），which has evolved from compressed air energy storage，offers advantages such as zero carbon emissions，high energy storage density，safety and reliability. To further utilize the advantages of easy liquefaction and the high energy density of carbon dioxide，a transcritical carbon dioxide energy storage system （TC-CCES） with gas-liquid two-phase changes was proposed. The low-pressure storage tank in the system contains a gas-liquid mixture that remains in transcritical state throughout the operation. Energy and exergy analyses were conducted on TC-CCES，and simulations were performed to obtain the dynamic properties of the system during its operation. In addition，the impact of the initial temperature of the high-pressure gas storage tank on the system was analyzed. The study revealed that lowering the initial temperature of the high-pressure tank enhanced the system efficiency. When the system ran in a stable state，it achieved an efficiency of 56.93% and an energy storage density is 3 510 kJ/m3. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Carbon sequestration effect of aggregate spray-seeding technology in ecological restoration of damaged slopes XU Jianping, ZHANG Shilei, CHEN Chen, ZHU Jianjun, GUO Yupu Shandong Science    2025, 38 (5): 115-122.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240112 Abstract （217）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （1210KB）（34）       Knowledge map    Spray-seeding technology can effectively restore the ecological environment of damaged mountain slopes. However，variations in the physicochemical properties of slope soil and vegetation growth conditions—resulting from technical measures and human factors—limit our understanding of carbon sequestration on slopes. This study analyzed the characteristics and influencing factors of carbon storage in damaged slopes in Zhangzhou restored using aggregate spray-seeding technology. The results showed that carbon storage decreased sequentially from the tree layer to soil，root system，and litter layer，with the dominant tree species Leucaena leucocephala in the tree layer contributing significantly to carbon storage. Although the soil layer of the slope is thin，its organic matter content reached 37.98 g/kg，demonstrating the potential of aggregate spray-seeding technology to improve soil quality and carbon storage. The physicochemical properties of the soil，particularly moisture，total phosphorus，and total potassium，significantly affected carbon storage in the ecological restoration area. This study highlights the key role of soil moisture in ecological restoration and carbon sequestration enhancement，providing valuable insights for optimizing slope management measures and improving ecological restoration effectiveness. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening quality-difference markers of Qingxiao Wuwei Decoction using an integrated “fingerprint-pattern recognition-serum migration components” strategy SHI Kaitao, LI Jun, ZHANG Qian, MA Yuheng Shandong Science    2026, 39 (1): 11-20.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025048 Accepted: 09 December 2025 Online available: 09 December 2025 Abstract （215）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （3829KB）（29）       Knowledge map    By establishing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints of Qingxiao Wuwei Decoction (QXWWD) and integrating chemical pattern recognition with in vivo and in vitro component identification methods, this study aimed to screen differential compounds and provide reference data for consistency evaluation and the development of compound preparations. The fingerprints of 18 batches of QXWWD were established evaluated for similarity. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze potential quality markers. HPLC-Q-Exactive-MS was used to identify in vitro chemical components and serummigration components of QXWWD.Based on the integrated “fingerprint-pattern recognition-serum-migrant components” strategy, quality-difference markers were screened. A total of 28 peaks were identified in the fingerprints of QXWWD, among which 8 quality-difference markers, such as chrysophanol, were selected. In total,85 in vitro chemical components and 55 serummigration components of QXWWD were identified. By finding the intersection of the fingerprint-identified components and those identified in vivo and in vitro using a Venn diagram, we identified chrysophanol as the core quality-difference marker. This study established a simple and reproducible analytical method that can effectively evaluate the quality stability and batch consistency of QXWWD. This method provides reliable data to support process optimization, quality-standard development,and the subsequent development of this prescription. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Difference analysis of ginsenosides in different parts of Panax quinquefolius L. based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry LIU Yuemeng, DONG Hongjing, XIE Yao, WANG Xiao, LIU Jing, LI Lili Shandong Science    2026, 39 (3): 12-21.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025064 Accepted: 12 December 2025 Online available: 12 December 2025 Abstract （215）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （5170KB）（234）       Knowledge map    Ginsenosides are important chemical components of Panax quinquefolius L. and are closely related to its pharmacological activities. In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) was used for high-throughput analysis of ginsenosides in the roots, leaves, and seeds of Panax quinquefolius L., leading to the identification of 72 ginsenosides across these parts. Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed significant differences in the content and types of ginsenosides among the different plant parts. Based on statistical significance (p<0.05) and biological significance (fold change>4), 23 differential saponins were identified in the roots vs. leaves comparison, 26 in the roots vs. seeds comparison, and 27 in the leaves vs. seeds comparison. Content analysis revealed that the total amounts of Rg1, Re, and Rb1 in the leaves and roots were roughly equivalent and higher than in the seeds, while most other ginsenosides were more abundant in the leaves and roots than in the seeds. The pseudo-ginsenoside F11, which is unique to Panax quinquefolius L., was most abundant in the leaves, whereas acetylated pseudo-ginsenoside F11 was most abundant in the roots. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1, acetylated ginsenoside Rg1, and quinquenoside IV were all significantly different among the three parts and could serve as markers for differentiation. This study reveals distinct ginsenoside profiles in the roots, leaves, and seeds of Panax quinquefolius L., providing technical support for its efficient development and utilization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Apassive jamming control method for synthetic aperture radar based on importance distribution maps CHU Weiqin, YU Huijuan, GU Jie, LI Zheng, XIE Xin, ZHANG Jialin Shandong Science    2025, 38 (6): 10-21.   DOI: 10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240145 Accepted: 23 October 2025 Online available: 23 October 2025 Abstract （207）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （6007KB）（32）       Knowledge map    Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is widely employed in geospatial mapping, national defense, and microwave remote sensing due to its capability for high-resolution imaging under all-weather, all-day conditions. Consequently, developing effective jamming techniques to degrade SAR-based target reconnaissance and identification has become a critical challenge in radar countermeasure research. This study proposes a method to generate importance distribution maps through spatial coordinate transformation, capturing the spatial relationships and relative importance of targets within a scene. Based on this map, a SAR passive jamming control method is developed. A U-Net-based architecture is constructed to design a decision-making algorithm for radar jamming strategies, aiming to prioritize the protection of critical targets with minimal resource expenditure. Simulation results demonstrate that this method visualizes the interference problem by constructing an importance distribution map and uses advanced artificial intelligence algorithms for the control and decision-making of passive motion interference devices, achieving collaborative decision-making among multiple interference devices and significantly enhancing the intelligence level of SAR passive interference. Across different scenarios, the algorithm-generated jamming strategies effectively disrupt the target areas, with jamming strips fully covering the regions of interest in each case. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics