Table of Content

08 October 2020 Volume 33 Issue 5

  

Prevention and Conrol of COVID-19

Study on the mechanism of Tingli Dazao Xiefei decoction in the treatment of COVID-19 based on the network pharmacology

LIU Jing-hua, TAN Wang-xiao, WANG Si-wei, WANG Yu, WANG Xiao-ying

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  1-13.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.001

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To analyze the mechanism of Tingli Dazao Xiefei decoction in the treatment of COVID-19,TCMSP database was used to screen the main active compounds and related targets,GeneCards database was employed to obtain the targets related with COVID-19,STRING and Cytoscape were used to get the PPI network analysis,Metascape database was applied to predict GO enrichment and KEGG pathway annotation, and Autodock was adopted for molecular docking. According to the results, there were 27 active components involved in Tingli Dazao Xiefei decoction and 39 targets aimed to COVID-19, including quercetin, kaempferol, etc., core targets such as TNF,MAPK1/8,CASP3. There were 146 KEGG pathways, from which IL-17, NF-κB, tuberculosis got the higher P value. The results of molecular docking showed that the core compounds quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and β-sitosterol of Tingli Dazao Xiefei decoction had a good affinity with ACE2. This study showed that quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin of Tingli Dazao Xiefei decoction combined with ACE2, may participate in the IL-17 and NF-κB signaling pathway by regulating TNF, CASP3, MAPK, so as to inhibit cytokine storm and inflammatory injury, which could be applied to prevent COVID-19 by multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway.

Mechanism of Huangqi Liujunzi decoction in treating the recovery stage of COVID-19 based on network pharmacology

WANG Zong-qing, NIE Hong-ke, LI Qing-xuan, WANG Xing-qiang, TANG Xiao-hu

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  14-26.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.002

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We aimed to investigate the mechanism of Huangqi Liujunzi decoction in the treatment of COVID-19 based on Network Pharmacology.The chemical components and targets of Huangqi Liujunzi decoction were collected from the databases of TCMSP, Pubchem, and Swiss Target Prediction and standardized using the Uniprot database.COVID-19 related genes were obtained by the GeneCards database,and we further mapped the common genes of disease and drugs.The protein-protein interaction data were downloaded from the STRING database, and the components-key targets visual network graph and protein interaction network were constructed using Cytoscape software to screen out the core targets.The GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment were analyzed by R language algorithm, and the target-pathway network was constructed using Cytoscape software.The results showed that 145 compounds and 1618 corresponding targets were screened. The key active components included luteolin,kaempferol,nobiletin,naringenin,baicalein, and acacetin.The key targets included MAPK1/3/8/14,CASP3/8,IL6/1β,ALB,apoptosis regulatory protein,PTGS2,protooncogene, and protooncogene of REL.GO function enrichment analysis included 1421 biological processes, 63 molecular functions, and 36 cell components;KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed 41 pathways, including PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, apoptosis, endocrine resistance,MAPK signaling pathway,Toll-like receptor signaling pathway,and osteoclast differentiation.Huangqi Liujunzi Decoction has a therapeutic effect on COVID-19 through antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulation mechanisms. 


Traditional Chinese medicine and natural active products

Study on extraction kinetics of lavender essential oil extraction by vacuum steam distillation

ZHANG Li, SUN Yue, BO Fu-min, YANG Shan-jing, FENG An-jie, LI Ling-jun

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  27-33.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.003

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A kinetic model was established to study the extraction kinetics of lavender essential oil under vacuum steam distillation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze and measure the dynamic content changes in the main components, i.e., linalool andlinalyl acetate, during the extraction process, and to compare the quality of essential oils obtained at different distillation times. Results show that the dynamic model of the lavender essential oil extraction process under vacuum steam distillation was y=4.292 5(1-e^{-0.017 9x}). GC-MS analysis revealed 48 volatile components in the oil, where linalool, linalyl acetate, etc. were the main volatile components. With the extension of extraction time, the linalool content decreased from 49.51% to 16.78%, with a significant downward trend. The experiment revealed that the kinetic model can appropriately simulate the law of essential oil extraction process. Combined with the analysis of essential oil quality, the extraction rate of lavender essential oil under reduced pressure for the first 120 min reached 1.88% and the components were basically stable. Subsequently, the extraction rate increased more slowly, the main component linalool decreased significantly, and the components became more complicated. This research suggests that the optimal time for extraction of lavender essential oil is 120 min, which can ensure a high extraction rate, obtain goodquality essential oils, and save extraction time.


Study on the interaction between phthalic acid and Rhizoctonia solani mycelium growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.

FENG Jing, ZHOU Bing-qian, LIU Qian, WANG Xiao, LU Heng, GUO Lan-ping, LIU Wei, SHI Guo-yu

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  34-42.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.004

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To investigate the continuous cropping barrier of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.caused by the interaction between phthalic acid and Rhizoctonia solani mycelium growth, the source of phthalic acid was determined by gas chromatography. The effect of phthalic acid on mycelia growth and its critical concentration were studied by laboratory mycelia growth inhibition experiment. The content of phthalic acid in the culture system before and after the growth of hyphae was determined using HPLC. The results showed six types of phthalate esters in the above ground part of S. miltiorrhiza, with a total relative content of 8.264%. The under ground part contains five types of phthalate esters, with a total relative content of 1.069%. Phthalic acid concentration promoted in low concentration and inhibited high concentration in the growth of R. solani. When the concentration was 0.1 mg/mL, the number of bacterial colonies of R. solani was the highest and the colony diameter was the largest. Under the same culture conditions, the addition of phthalic acid promoted the growth and reproduction of R. solani, but its content did not decrease, proving that phthalic acid did not provide C source for the growth of R. solani but acted as a catalyst. This study aimed to provide a new method and theoretical basis for overcoming the continuous cropping barrier of S. miltiorrhiza.


Pharmacology and Toxicology

Study on the in vitro antiviral active ingredients in the total flavonoids of Patrinia Herb

WANG Wen-qi, LI Yuan-yuan, WANG Shuang, ZHU Yan-jun, SUN Meng-jia, CAI Fu-jie, SUN Xiao-hui, LIU Qing, ZHOU Hong-lei

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  43-50.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.005

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We investigated the antiviral active ingredients in the total flavonoids of Patrinia Herb. The cytopathic method was used to detect the in vitro antiviral activity and identify the parts with the most effective antiviral effects, which were qualitatively analyzed using LC-MS. The portion eluted by 30% ethanol in the total flavonoids of Patrinia Herb had the best antiviral effect. A total of 14 kinds of active ingredients were identified, including 12 kinds of flavones and 2 kinds of phenolic acids. The total flavonoids of Patrinia herb showed significant antiviral activity, providing scientific basis and data to support further research on the antiviral effects of Patrinia Herb.


Anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia activity of ethanol extract obtained from Catharsisus molossus Linnaeus

MEI Ming, ZHOU Jin, HUANG Wen-tao, MA Liang-peng, YANG Ming, HU Song

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  51-56.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.006

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The present study aimed to compare the effect and mechanism of different concentrations of ethanol extract obtained from Catharsisus molossus Linnaeus on anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia and to consequently provide insights for the further development and use of C. molossus L. A benign prostatic hyperplasia model was established in rats by the subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate. We considered prostate wet mass,prostate index,the concentration of prostatic acid phosphatase (ρ_PAP), estradiol(ρ_E2), dihydrotestosterone (c_DHT), and testosterone (ρ_T),and the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) as indicators and evaluated the effect of ethanol extract on benign prostatic hyperplasia. The benign prostatic hyperplasia rat model was successfully constructed. Compared with the model group, 85% ethanol extract group exhibited significant reduction in the prostate wet mass and prostate index of rats as well as in the levels of ρ_PAP,ρ_E2, c_DHT, and ρ_T. Moreover, the 85% ethanol extract group showed a significant decrease in the expression of EGF, bFGF, and IGF-1 and an increase in the expression of TGF-β1. In the 85% ethanol extract group, a significant decrease in the density and significant increase in the specific surface area and specific membrane area of the prostate gland were observed. The 85% ethanol extract obtained from C. molossus L. demonstrated a good anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia activity, and its mechanism was associated with the regulation of the expression of EGF, TGF-β1, bFGF, and IGF-1.


New Materials

Effect of C particles on the as-cast microstructure of Cp/AZ91D composites

SONG Wen-ting, ZHANG Su-qing, LIU Ke-gao

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  57-66.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.007

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In this study, C_p/AZ91D composites are prepared through the composite casting process, and the influence of the C particle content and holding time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites are studied. Results show that compared with the holding time, the grain refinement effect of C_p is more significant. When the mass fraction of addition C_p is 1.5% and the holding time is 15 min, the average grain size of the ingot cast in C_p/AZ91D composite material decreases from 176 to 32 μm, the overall fine and uniform structure enhances the uniform distribution of phase C particles in the composite matrix, and the highest hardness value reaches 89.07 HV.


Preparation and properties of LiFePO₄/Li₃V₂ (PO₄)₃  composite cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

QIN Xian-zhong, CAI Fei-peng, WANG Bo , JIANG Bo, JIANG Gui-lin

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  67-72.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.008

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LiFePO₄/Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃composite cathode materials with a series of mass ratios were synthesized using the liquid-phase co-precipitation method and carbon thermal-reduction process to improve the electronic conductivity of LiFePO₄ cathodes. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, constant-current charge and discharge testing, and other analytical methods were used to analyze the phase composition, morphology, and electrochemical performance of the composites. When the mass ratio of LiFePO₄ and Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ was 6:4, the composite exhibited regular morphology, higher crystallinity, and the best electrochemical performance: the discharge capacity was 148, 130.5, 121.5,and 112.3 mA·h·g-1 at rates of 0.1C, 1.0C, 2.0C, 5.0C, and 10.0C, respectively, and the capacity remained above 98.5% after 100 cycles at 1C. This effectively solves the problem of low conductivity of the LiFePO₄ material and will accelerate its application in power lithium-ion batteries.


Tranfic and Transportation

An integrated optimization approach for train energy consumption and passenger transfer time#br#

ZHAO Kai-li, FAN Xian, XU Xiao-ming, ZHU Dong-dong

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  73-83.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.009

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In this paper, we establish a timetable based on an integrated optimization model by taking the train dwell time as the decision variable to reduce the total energy consumption and passenger transfer time in a rail transit system. Furthermore, we design a genetic algorithm to implement the model. Finally, we conduct a numerical experiment with the actual data of Beijing metro Line 5 and Yizhuang Line to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model and the efficiency of the proposed method. Results show that the total energy consumption of the rail transit system reduce by 5.15% and passenger transfer time is reduce by 17.66% after optimization.


Optimal design of a powertrain mount system for two-speed battery electric vehicles

LIU Cheng-qiang, XU Hai-gang, ZHANG Jian-wu , LIN Lian-hua

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  84-91.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.010

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o improve the performance of electric drive powertrain during driving, this study is focused on the optimal design of the mount system for the two-speed electric battery vehicles. A 6-DOF（degrees of freedom） vibration model for powertrain mount system of electric 2AMT is established using the multibody system software ADAMS. The modal analysis of the mount system is conducted and deformations of the three mounts under loadings are computed. To improve the decoupling rate and optimization for the mounting system in the three main directions, the function is solved using PSO-GA compound algorithm and the mount system design is then optimized. The numerical results show that the optimal mount system behaves effectively and improves the energy decoupling.


Optimization of signalized intersection in an environment of connected autonomous vehicles

LI Lei, SHAN Ya-nan, LI Shu-bin, KONG Xiang-ke

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  92-98.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.011

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To adapt to the new development trend of intelligent transportation, two traffic capacity models of signalized intersections are improved to make them suitable for an environment of connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs). The first is the minimum delay model, which obtains the green light time by minimizing the total delay at the intersection and obtains the cycle length according to the flow rate. This model introduces the ratio of the green light delay of each lane or lane group to the specific queuing service time as a parameter, which depends on the probability distribution of vehicle arrival at the intersection. The second is the hybrid model, which combines the static queuing model that estimates the queuing service time and a dynamic model that estimates the green light extension time from the unit delay, flow rate, lane speed limit, and detector length. A numerical example shows that the delay of the new model is significantly reduced in the environment of CAVs, which validates the two capacity models and provides the basis for the traffic management department to conduct intersection reconstruction.


Environment and Ecology

Study of microbial diversity in indoor fresh-air purification system

YIN Xin, MENG Yi-wei, ZHAO Li-ya, QI Jun, XIA Xue-kui, GAO Cui-ling

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  99-105.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.012

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We tested the bacterial diversity of filter membrane samples in freshair purification systems in Licheng，Jinan，at different times, and analyzed the potential risk of secondary microbial contamination in indoor fresh-air purification systems.The bacterial diversity of three air-filtration membrane samples obtained from the fresh-air purification system used in Licheng at different times was analyzed using the 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing technology.The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The dominant genera in three samples were Paracoccus, Sphingomonas, Bacillus, Methylobacterium,and Bifidobacterium. With the extension of the usage time of the fresh-air purification system, the relative abundance ratio among the dominant fungi did not change significantly, but the total abundance showed an increasing trend, indicating that the microorganism in indoor air was abundant in this area and the community structure did not change much in the long term. For the air-filtration membrane used in the area for 12 months, Rheinheimer, Lactobacillus, and Acinetobacter were also the dominant genera. Moreover, the relative abundance of opportunistic pathogen Moraxella osloensis was high, which indicatesthe indoor fresh-air purification system has a certain risk of microbial secondary pollution when it is used for 12 months. The results of this study can guide residents to prevent and control indoor-air secondary pollution.


Proceedings of bioremediation technology for petroleum contaminated soil 

ZHANG Teng-fei, HUANG Yu-jie, JI Lei, WANG Jia-ning

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  106-112.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.013

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Bioremediation is the most promising and viable technology to ameliorate the pollution status of petroleum contaminated soil, which seriously endangers human health. Herein, we reviewed the research progress of microbial remediation, phytoremediation, and the joint remediation technologies. We concluded that the current applications of bioremediation around the world were associated with problems such as lack of highly efficient degradation bacterial strains and low efficient degradation. Further development should aim to screen highly efficient degradation strains and improve the efficiency of degradation.


Other Research Article

A novel second-order algorithm based on MQ-RBF-FD method for solving convection diffusion equation

YAO Lin, TANG Quan

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  113-118.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.014

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To solve the unsteady convection diffusion equation, we propose a new second-order algorithm that applies the multi-quadrics localized radial basis function(MQ-RBF-FD)method and dimension-splitting method for spatial discretization, and BDF2 methods and alternating iterative schemes for temporal discretization. We determine the appropriate number of iterations, choose an optimal shape parameter c, and finally, obtain higher order accuracy. We conducted numerical experiments to verify the rationality and feasibility of the theoretical results. 


Inhibition of DNA condensation by anions of various valencies

LI Cong-cong, YANG Guang-can, WANG Yan-wei

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  119-126.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.015

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To quantitatively study the inhibitory effect of anions on DNA condensation and charge neutralization, the effect of anions of various valencies on cation-mediated DNA condensation was studied using dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy (ATM). Dynamic light scattering experiments showed that anions reduced the electrophoretic mobility of DNA in the presence of cations, indicating that charge neutralization of DNA was inhibited. The higher valence of anions, the stronger was the inhibition of electrophoretic mobility. Different anions exerted the same inhibitory effect and trend on DNA charge neutralization at the same concentration of various cations. Meanwhile, the morphological changes in DNA condensation as observed by AFM led to the same conclusion. At the same cation concentration, highvalent cations showed more potent inhibition on DNA condensation than lowvalent cations, which make the DNA aggregation morphology more loose. These observations further confirmed that anions have a weakening effect on cationmediated DNA condensation.

Architecture design of the cyber range for teaching

ZHANG Yue-hong

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(5):  127-134.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.05.016

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The purpose of the cyber range based on the training environment in colleges and universities is to help students understand the business security needs by simulating the enterprise application scenarios, and promote the continuous improvement of students′ security skills through collect and evaluate the learning and training data on the platform in real time. In this paper, demand analysis and preliminary architecture design of the cyber range used in teaching units are carried out, and three dimensions in learning and training of a campus cyber range are proposed, which is practice module based on basic class knowledge, user-defined rate of progress of security challenge, dynamic practice based on team, respectively. Cyber range training are jointly driven by the three dimensions to cultivate the security professional  in a more comprehensive manner.