Table of Content

20 October 2025 Volume 38 Issue 5

  

Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Active Products

Quantitative analysis of seven major ginsenoside components of Panaxquinquefolius L. from different origins

ZHU Heng, DING Hui, WANG Xiao, LI Lili

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  1-9.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240118

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2346KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Panaxquinquefolius L. is a medicine-food homology used in traditional Chinese medicine，of which ginsenosides are an important active component.The ginsenoside content of Panaxquinquefolius L. is closely related to its quality. Due to the effects of the geographical environment，the ginsenoside content of Panaxquinquefolius L.from different origins varies. Based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry，this study established a quantitative analysis method for seven major ginsenoside components，through which the content of 27 batches of samples from domestic and foreign origin swasanalyzed. The results showed that the contents of ginsenosides Rb₁，Re，Rg₁，Rd，Ro，and the pseudoginsenoside F11 were highest in the Panaxquinquefolius L. produced in Canada. The contents of the ginsenosides Rb₁，Rg₁，Rd，and Ro in the Panaxquinquefolius L. produced in the United States were higher than those from the three domestic production origins （Jilin，Shandong，and Liaoning province）. The contents of the ginsenoside Re and the pseudoginsenoside F11 in Panaxquinquefolius L.produced in Shandong were higher than those produced in the United States. The contents of the rare ginsenoside Rg₃ in the Panaxquinquefolius L. produced in Jilin and Liaoning were higher than that of the United States and Canada. This study revealed the differences in the content of seven ginsenosides in Panaxquinquefolius L. with foreign and domestic production origins，thereby providing technical support forquality control and improving quality standards for Panaxquinquefolius L.

Optimization of enzyme-water continuous extraction of ginsenosides from fibrous roots of American ginseng using response surface methodology

WANG Haiyan, YU Ping, WANG Xin, YU Hongxia, ZHOU Jie, FANG Lei

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  10-21.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240113

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (4658KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

To optimize the extraction process for ginsenosides from the fibrous roots of American ginseng，the enzyme-water method was used for continuous extraction of ginsenosides from American ginseng. The total ginsenosides extraction yield was used as the evaluation index，and the extraction process was optimized using the response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal enzymatic extraction conditions were as follows： α-amylase with an enzyme concentration of 7.3%，a liquid/solid ratio of 30 mL/g，and an enzymatic hydrolysis time of 1.2 h. After enzymatic hydrolysis，a secondary water extraction was performed，and the optimal conditions were as follows： a liquid/solid ratio of 27 mL/g，an extraction temperature of 89 ℃，and an extraction time of 1.3 h. Under these conditions，the total ginsenosides extraction yield reached 16.61%. Since it is stable，simple，and efficient，this method has significantly improved the extraction yield and avoided the waste of resources. It partially fills a gap in the extraction process of total ginsenosides from the fibrous roots of American ginseng and provides a reference for further purification，refinement，and activity studies of total ginsenosides.

Quality control study of Jingfang granules through combined fingerprinting and comprehensive assessment of activity

MIAO Ran, GUAN Yongxia, GUO Huanying, ZHANG Guimin, WANG Xiao, ZHAO Hengqiang

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  22-30.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240104

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1955KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Combined fingerprinting and comprehensive assessment of activity techniques were used in this study to determine the quality control of Jingfang granules. Separation was performed using an Agilent TC-C18 chromatographic column （4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm），gradient elution performed using an acetonitrile-0.8% formic acid aqueous solution，and ESI-TOF/mass spectrometer was used for analysis. The chemical constituents of Jingfang granules were identified through the precise molecular weight information of the parent and daughter ions of compounds and by consulting references. Molecular docking was used to examine the bonding ability of the following five chemical componentsto neuraminidase （NA）： prim-O-glucosylcimifugin （POG），ferulic acid，hesperidin，naringin，and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol （SOGH）. The antioxidant activity of the five components was evaluated by an ABTS free radical scavenging in vitro experiment. Fingerprinting and quantitative assay were used to evaluate the quality of Jingfang granules. From the results，twenty-four chemical components were identified within the Jingfang granules. Molecular docking results revealed the high binding capacity of NA to POG，ferulic acid，naringin，and SOGH，with a minimum recorded binding energy of <-5 kcal/mol. Free radical scavenging in vitro experiments revealed that all the five components exhibited certain antioxidant activities. The compositional similarity of different batches of Jingfang granules was found to be relatively close，but there were some differences in the content of the five components，which may be attributed to differences in the sources of Chinese herbal medicines.This study provides methodological and conceptual support for overall quality evaluation studies of Jingfang granules.

Pharmacology and Toxicology

A high-throughput sequencing-based exploration of the effects of Qiteng Xiaozhuo granules on miRNA expression profiles in chronic glomerulonephritis

YU Mingzhe, XU Zhen, QIN Xiujuan

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  31-39.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240117

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (4116KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Using microRNA （miRNA） high-throughput sequencing technology，this study investigatedthe effects of Qiteng Xiaozhuo granules （QTXZG） on miRNA expression in the glomerular tissue of rats with chronic glomerulonephritis （CGN）. Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into three groups： the control group，the model group，and the group receiving QTXZG（n=3）. A CGN model was preparedvia intravenous injection of adriamycin into the tail，followed by 30 days of QTXZG administration via oral gavage.The histopathological effects on rat glomerular tissue were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining（HE），and miRNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs. Subsequent Gene ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analyses were used to predict related mRNAs. HE staining showed that the model group had a thicker glomerular basement membrane and increased inflammatory cell infiltration compared with those in the control group，both of which were significantly improved after undergoing QTXZG treatment. miRNA sequencing revealed 28 differentially expressed miRNAs in the model group compared with the control group，whereas the QTXZG group had 28 differentially expressed miRNAs compared with the model group. A total of 12 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified across the three groups，and after predicting their mRNAs，eight core mRNAs were identified. GO analysis highlighted the negative regulation of dendritic spine maintenance and enrichment in glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity，whereas KEGG analysis indicated the involvement of the Rap1，cAMP，and RAS signaling pathways. qRT-PCR results confirmed that miRNA expression levels in rat glomerular tissue across the three groups were consistent with the trends observed in the sequencing results. QTXZG regulates the expression of miRNAs，which may，in turn，affect the Rap1，cAMP，and RAS signaling pathways，thus playing a potential role in CGN prevention and treatment.

Topological analysis reveals mechanism of Panax notoginseng saponin in the treatment of gouty arthritis based on network pharmacology and in vitro experiments

GUO Yingjian, YU Jinqian, DONG Hongjing, WANG Chuangchuang, ZHONG Kai, WANG Xiao

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  40-48.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240121

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (3947KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

In this study，we analyzed the active components and mechanism of Panax notoginseng saponin （PNS） in treatment of gouty arthritis （GA） through network pharmacology，molecular docking，and cellular experiments. An in vitro hyperuricemia cell model was established using adenosine and xanthine oxidase to induce HK-2 cells. Moreover，the uric acid-lowering activity of PNS at different doses was assessed. Network pharmacology was used to explore the potential mechanism of PNS in the treatment of GA，and key targets were validated using molecular docking. Results revealed that PNS could inhibit the release of uric acid from renal tubular epithelial cells that was induced by adenosine and xanthine oxidase. In addition，15 key targets related to GA intervention were identified from PNS. Results of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses suggested that PNS may exert therapeutic effects on GA by regulating multiple signaling pathways，such as JAK2-STAT3，AGE-RAGE，and calcium signaling. The molecular docking results showed that the binding energies of each active component with key targets such as STAT3，PTAFR，and IL2 were all lower than -5 kcal/mol，indicating good affinity，which can be used as potential therapeutic targets. This study provides a reference for the use of PNS in the treatment of GA.

New Materials

Synthesis and properties of efficient antibacterial aquaculture wet curtain paper

TIAN Shuo, ZHANG Min, ZHU Jianying, ZHAO Xinfu

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  49-55.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240108

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2821KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

With the development of intensive farming，the requirements for the living environment of livestock and poultry have become increasingly stringent. During the hot summer months，the demand for highly effective antibacterial curtain paper is particularly urgent. In this study，we used the in situ ultraviolet light irradiation method to successfully introduce Ag nanoparticles into an antibacterial curtain paper. The addition of an appropriate amount of Ag not only improved the filtration performance of the curtain paper，which can effectivly filter the impurities and microorganisms in the air，but also significantly enhanced its mechanical properties，especially the durability and stability. In addition，it even increased its bactericidal efficiency to 100%. This achievement is expected to enhance the filtration and antibacterial effectiveness of existing curtain papers in farms and provides significant theoretical guidance for the development of related products.

Fracture analysis of copper nuts in the three-position mechanism of ultra-high voltage circuit breakers

ZHANG Shumin, WANG Xiaoping, TIAN Jing, XU Huixia, LIU Long, DING Ning

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  56-63.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240124

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (6622KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

The three-position mechanism represents a critical mechanical component in ultra-high voltage switch circuit breakers，with the copper nut serving as a pivotal element. Premature failure of this component can significantly compromise the operational stability and longevity of the circuit breaker. This comprehensive investigation employs advanced analytical techniques to elucidate the underlying fracture mechanisms of the copper nut. Utilizing a multifaceted analytical approach，the study systematically examined the fracture morphology and material characteristics. Optical microscopy，scanning electron microscopy，and metallographic microscopy were employed to scrutinize the fracture surface and microstructural features. Complementary analyses using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and electronic universal testing machine characterized the material’s compositional and mechanical properties. The investigation revealed critical insights into the failure mechanism. Multiple crack initiation sites were identified within the fracture zone，characterized by coarse grain structures and an extensive network of precipitate particles localized at grain boundaries. The failure mode was definitively classified as cumulative fatigue damage. The primary crack source originated at the diameter transition of the shaft pin root’a structural stress concentration zone that represents the most vulnerable point in the copper nut’s mechanical design. The findings underscore the importance of structural geometry and material microstructure in predicting and mitigating mechanical failure in critical electromechanical components.

Energy and Power

Dynamic characteristics of a trough solar energy-coupled compressed air energy storage system

QIN Haoxuan, CHEN Wei

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  64-78.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240133

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (5643KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Under the national dual-carbon policy and energy transition，the need for coordinated development between compressed air energy storage （CAES） technology and renewable energy has grown significantly. A solar auxiliary reheating compressed air energy storage （SAR-CAES） system is proposed. The system integrates a parabolic trough solar collector with an advanced adiabatic CAES system for achieving energy release. A mathematical model of the trough solar collector and a three-stage expansion advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage system were established. Using the discretization algorithm in Matlab，the models were coupled to analyze the impact of months and latitudes on key system parameters. Results show that the resultant dynamic model satisfies the first and second laws of thermodynamics. After auxiliary heating，the heat load of the auxiliary heat exchanger increased clearly. Medium regenerator and Low regenerator barely participated in heat exchange，but generated considerable exergic loss. The efficiency of compressed air energy storage clearly improved after auxiliary heating，reaching its peak during the summer solstice at the Tropic of Cancer. The effective utilization efficiency of the solar energy in this system is higher than that of a solar-driven ammonia-water regenerative Rankine cycle system，with a maximum efficiency during the winter solstice—67.86% higher than that of the ammonia-water power cycle.

Study of thermodynamic properties of transcritical carbon dioxide energy storage system

JIANG Jiahui, ZHANG Xuelin, LI Shuangjiang, XUE Xiaodai, CHEN Wei, ZHANG Bin

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  79-92.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240105

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (7430KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Carbon dioxide energy storage （CCES），which has evolved from compressed air energy storage，offers advantages such as zero carbon emissions，high energy storage density，safety and reliability. To further utilize the advantages of easy liquefaction and the high energy density of carbon dioxide，a transcritical carbon dioxide energy storage system （TC-CCES） with gas-liquid two-phase changes was proposed. The low-pressure storage tank in the system contains a gas-liquid mixture that remains in transcritical state throughout the operation. Energy and exergy analyses were conducted on TC-CCES，and simulations were performed to obtain the dynamic properties of the system during its operation. In addition，the impact of the initial temperature of the high-pressure gas storage tank on the system was analyzed. The study revealed that lowering the initial temperature of the high-pressure tank enhanced the system efficiency. When the system ran in a stable state，it achieved an efficiency of 56.93% and an energy storage density is 3 510 kJ/m³.

Traffic and Transportation

A PELT-GM-SARIMA combined forecasting model for highway freight turnover with integrated change-point correction

LI Xiaowei, HOU Shuzhan, NIU Wendi, CUI Na

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  93-103.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240147

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (3085KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

To address the limited accuracy of single-model forecasting and challenges faced by combined models in handling abnormal data fluctuations，this study proposes a novel forecasting method integrating mutation point correction into a pruned exact linear time （PELT）-grey prediction model（GM）-seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average （SARIMA） combined model. This method initially employs the PELT algorithm to detect fluctuations in freight turnover data and identify change points. The Grey GM（1，1） model is then used to correct anomalies at these change points，enabling the dataset to better meet the stationarity and randomness requirements for the SARIMA model. Finally，based on the optimized dataset，the SARIMA model is used to perform predictions on the refined data. Using freight turnover data from Beijing as a case study，comparative analysis of different hybrid models reveals that the proposed model exhibits superior performance than other combined models，with significant reductions in mean squared error and mean absolute error and a coefficient of determination close to 1. The PELT-GM-SARIMA model is structurally simple and can better adapt to time-series data with missing values or frequent anomalies，resulting in more accurate predictions. This study presents a more effective approach for traffic predictions in highway transportation planning and investment decision making.

Research on an adaptive accident duration-prediction model based on freeway accident data

JIANG Xiaoqing, WAN Qingsong, HAO Wenbang, LI Li, CHENG Weiping

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  104-114.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240094

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (3262KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Freeway traffic accidents seriously affect road safety and accessibility. Accurately predicting the durations of accidents is key to improving emergency response efficiency，alleviating traffic congestion，and reducing the risk of secondary accidents. This paper proposes an adaptive parameter-optimization model based on a deep belief network （DBN） and genetic algorithm （GA） for predicting traffic accident durations. Traffic accident data from freeways in Shandong province were collected from 2020 to 2022，including 16 variables such as road，temporal attributes，and environmental attributes. The Spearman correlation coefficient and box plots were used to analyze the correlation between each variable and the accident duration，ensuring the validity and significance of the selected variables. Based on this analysis，we developed an adaptive parameter optimization-based prediction model，GADBN，using numerous traffic accident data. This model integrates the global search and optimization capabilities of the GA to notably improve the predictive accuracy of the DBN. To validate the model effectiveness，experimental comparisons were conducted with other algorithms such as support vector regression，radial basis functions，XGBoost，and DBNs，with mean absolute percentage error (δ_MAPE) and root-mean-square error (δ_RMSE) being used as evaluation metrics. The experimental results showed that the GADBN model achieved δ_MAPE and δ_RMSE values of 16.49% and 9.12，respectively，outperforming the other comparison models，thereby demonstrating its effectiveness and practicality.

Environment and Ecology

Carbon sequestration effect of aggregate spray-seeding technology in ecological restoration of damaged slopes

XU Jianping, ZHANG Shilei, CHEN Chen, ZHU Jianjun, GUO Yupu

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  115-122.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240112

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1210KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Spray-seeding technology can effectively restore the ecological environment of damaged mountain slopes. However，variations in the physicochemical properties of slope soil and vegetation growth conditions—resulting from technical measures and human factors—limit our understanding of carbon sequestration on slopes. This study analyzed the characteristics and influencing factors of carbon storage in damaged slopes in Zhangzhou restored using aggregate spray-seeding technology. The results showed that carbon storage decreased sequentially from the tree layer to soil，root system，and litter layer，with the dominant tree species Leucaena leucocephala in the tree layer contributing significantly to carbon storage. Although the soil layer of the slope is thin，its organic matter content reached 37.98 g/kg，demonstrating the potential of aggregate spray-seeding technology to improve soil quality and carbon storage. The physicochemical properties of the soil，particularly moisture，total phosphorus，and total potassium，significantly affected carbon storage in the ecological restoration area. This study highlights the key role of soil moisture in ecological restoration and carbon sequestration enhancement，providing valuable insights for optimizing slope management measures and improving ecological restoration effectiveness.

Effects of different coagulants on the anaerobic biodegradation of microcystin-LR in water treatment

MA Guangxiang, JU Tiantian, XIA Yanzhao, CHEN Linlin, SONG Wenyang, LIU Yue

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  123-130.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240126

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (4325KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

This study investigated the effects of different coagulants—namely chitosan，polyaluminum chloride （PAC），and ferric chloride （FeCl₃）—on cyanobacterial cell breakage and microcystin-LR （MC-LR） anaerobic biodegradation in raw water containing algae during conventional drinking-water treatment. Analyses were conducted using three-dimensional excitation emission matrix （3D-EEM） fluorescence spectroscopy，scanning electron microscopy，and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results showed that coagulated flocs generated by the action of FeCl₃ had no significant effect on cyanobacterial cell breakage or total MC-LR degradation. Chitosan initially protected cyanobacterial cells and adsorbed extracellular MC-LR； however，its effectiveness declined over time. Meanwhile，PAC significantly exacerbated cyanobacterial cell breakage，leading to the massive release of intracellular toxins，which ultimately accelerated the degradation rate of total MC-LR. In addition，3D-EEM fluorescence spectroscopy revealed increasing concentrations of five substance types，such as the ammoniacal/tryptophan protein zone and tyrosine/tryptophan zone，indicating that the different coagulants had a significant effect on the production of extracellular polymers in the sludge. Further，the related substances increased in amount the fastest when PAC was used. This study is the first to systematically investigate the mechanisms by which coagulants affect cyanobacterial cells and MC-LR anaerobic degradation，providing an important reference for the efficient removal of cyanobacteria and their toxins from waterworks sludge.

Intelligence Analysis and Data Management

Public awareness and preference for traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture based on the best-worst scaling

LI Dongye, CUI Jingru, ZONG Ruiyu, LI Xin, WANG Siyu, JIA Hongling, SONG Haiyan

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(5):  131-139.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240134

Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1110KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

The purpose of this study is to use the BWS survey method to investigate the acceptance of acupuncture and moxibustion by the general public and what factors affect their choice of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy，and to investigate the existing problems of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy. A total of 219 respondents participated in this survey，the number of valid questionnaires is 201，the number of invalid questionnaires is 18. The study identified the most important and least important factors influencing acupuncture preferences，the most important being "whether acupuncture is effective" and the least important being "personal traditional beliefs"，BW scores from high to low （influence from high to low） were： Whether the efficacy of acupuncture is significant，whether the overall health can be adjusted，the level of development of acupuncture technology，whether personalized treatment can be performed，the degree of side effects，the extent of acupuncture treatment，other alternative therapies，the identification and trust of acupuncture culture，fear of acupuncture，economic factors，personal traditional ideas.In the future，the development of acupuncture and moxibustion should pay more attention to the curative effect，strengthen the publicity of the scientific nature of acupuncture and moxibustion，and contribute to promoting the development of acupuncture and moxibustion，improving the policies related to acupuncture and moxibustion and strengthening the public's trust in acupuncture and moxibustion.