Table of Content

20 December 2025 Volume 38 Issue 6

  

Oceanographic Science，Technology and Equipment

Development of a dual-wavelength instrument for measuring the volume scattering function of aquatic particles

TAO Bangyi, HAN Chang, LI Yunzhou, PAN Yaorui, LI Changpeng, MAO Zhihua

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  1-9.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025054

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The volume scattering function (VSF) of aquatic particles is one of the most important inherent optical properties of water. However, a VSF measurement instrument in China that can cover multiple wavelengths and a wide angular range remains to be investigated. Herein, we developed a dual-wavelength (488 nm and 532 nm) aquatic particle VSF measurement system that integrates dual-periscope optical configuration with a rotating detector. This system enables VSF measurements across a scattering angle range of 1.5°~178.5° for both wavelengths. According to the optical configuration and radiative transfer principles of the system, baseline correction, angular calibration, and amplitude calibration experiments were conducted on the system. The measurement results for 3 μm polystyrene standard particles agreed well with the Mie scattering theoretical values, demonstrating the VSF measurement accuracy of the system. The system was used to perform dual-wavelength VSF measurements of natural seawater particles from the East China Sea and South China Sea and to analyze the differences in VSF characteristics between the two wavelengths. The measured VSFs can provide a basis for VSF parameterization in the radiative transfer models. In addition, asymmetry factors were calculated from the measured data to analyze the differences in scattering characteristics between the two wavelengths from the volume scattering perspective.

Apassive jamming control method for synthetic aperture radar based on importance distribution maps

CHU Weiqin, YU Huijuan, GU Jie, LI Zheng, XIE Xin, ZHANG Jialin

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  10-21.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240145

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Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is widely employed in geospatial mapping, national defense, and microwave remote sensing due to its capability for high-resolution imaging under all-weather, all-day conditions. Consequently, developing effective jamming techniques to degrade SAR-based target reconnaissance and identification has become a critical challenge in radar countermeasure research. This study proposes a method to generate importance distribution maps through spatial coordinate transformation, capturing the spatial relationships and relative importance of targets within a scene. Based on this map, a SAR passive jamming control method is developed. A U-Net-based architecture is constructed to design a decision-making algorithm for radar jamming strategies, aiming to prioritize the protection of critical targets with minimal resource expenditure. Simulation results demonstrate that this method visualizes the interference problem by constructing an importance distribution map and uses advanced artificial intelligence algorithms for the control and decision-making of passive motion interference devices, achieving collaborative decision-making among multiple interference devices and significantly enhancing the intelligence level of SAR passive interference. Across different scenarios, the algorithm-generated jamming strategies effectively disrupt the target areas, with jamming strips fully covering the regions of interest in each case.

Experiment on a fine-scale marine drifting buoy observation network

LI Bin, ZHANG Wen, LI Yunzhou, ZHAO Qiang, XU Dengke

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  22-28.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025050

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An innovative marine fine-scale drifting buoy and its networked observation system were designed. The buoy hardware featured a self-developed detachable wave-resistant structure and low-power core component integration technology. With the help of its dual-antenna communication architecture, the buoy was subjected to laboratory and field lake tests to quantitatively evaluate its measurement accuracy, environmental adaptability, and data stability. Based on LoRa-enabled distributed IoT communication technology, an innovative topological networking architecture was used to construct a four-node, 10 km-scale 3D observation network with a packet loss rate of less than 0.1%. FFT spectral analysis was conducted to analyze data features, and a noise reduction method was proposed. Test results showed that the network could synchronously capture quasi-steady-state ocean environmental data, providing a scalable solution for high-density, multi-dimensional, fine-scale ocean monitoring. The research results were applied in teaching practice. In addition, expansion to a 10-node network has been planned to advance the engineering application of fine-scale ocean observation technology.

Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Active Products

Analysis of differential metabolites in different parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb. based on non-targeted metabolomics technology

ZHANG Xuxin, ZHANG Luzhe, LIN Shuqian, ZHAO Zengcheng, MENG Zhaoqing, DONG Xiaodi, CAO Guiyun, HE Jixiang, WANG Daijie

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  29-41.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240129

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To investigate the metabolic differences among different parts of Lonicera japonica Thunb.,a nontargeted metabolomics study was conducted on its stems, leaves, and flowers using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS).Intotal,773 metabolites in positive-ion mode and 572 and 572 metabolites in negative-ion mode were identified in samples from different parts of L. japonica Thunb.; 553 differential metabolites were detected by comparing leaves and flowers; and 471 differential metabolites were detected by comparing stems and flowers, mainly phenolic acids, amino acids and their derivatives, flavonoids, and isoflavones. The pathways related to differential metabolites mainly include phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, purine metabolism, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study analyzed the predominant compounds and important metabolic pathways involved in different parts of L. japonica Thunb.,i.e.,the stems,leaves, and flowers,comparing them with medically used flowers. The findings provides a scientific basis for the further development and utilization of L. japonica Thunb. resources.

Characteristic chromatograms and content determination of artificial musk in Liushen series preparations based on gas chromatography

GUO Lumei, WANG Yingchao, ZHANG Zhenkai, LIU Xingpeng, CHEN Feng

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  42-51.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025021

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A scientific, unified, and reliable characteristic chromatograms and determine the content of artificial musk in the Liushen series of preparations was established using gas chromatography (GC) to accurately reflect its quality, providing an experimental basis for subsequent revisions of quality standards. The similarity of characteristic chromatograms from 39 batches of Liushen series preparations was analyzed using Traditional Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation Software(2012 version), with similarities all above 0.995. Liushen pills exhibited 5 characteristic peaks, while Liushen capsules showed 4, one of which was identified as muscone. The content of artificial musk in three types of preparations was determined, with muscone showing a good linear relationship within the range of 0.006 4~0.638 8 mg/mL(R=0.999). The average recovery rates(relative standard deviation) for pills, capsules, and gel agents were 102.3% (1.0%), 97.3% (1.5%), and 103.1% (1.6%) respectively. The established GC characteristic chromatograms and content determination method can comprehensively reflect the quality of artificial musk in LiuShen series preparations and can be used for quality control of artificial musk in these preparations.

Preparation and process optimization of pitaya pigment lipstick

SONG Yingxuan, YIN Xinyi, LIANG Shulei, ZHANG Xinyu, ZHENG Zhenjia

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  52-59.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025025

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A natural pigment lipstick was developed using pitaya pigment as the primary ingredient. Four factors—the amounts of beeswax, coconut oil, cocoa butter, and pitaya pigment—were selected. Single-factor and response surface tests were conducted, with comprehensive sensory evaluation as the assessment criterion, to determine the optimal formulation for the pitaya pigment lipstick and to conduct texture analysis. The results showed that the optimal formulation for the pitaya pigment lipstick comprised 22.14% beeswax, 67.02% coconut oil, 5.56% cocoa butter, and 5.28% pitaya pigment. Under these conditions, the validation test yielded a sensory evaluation score of 95.07±1.08, which closely matched the predicted value. The resulting lipstick had a smooth texture, moderate hardness, stable color, and caused no sensitive irritation to the skin. This study provides a reference for the development of pitaya byproducts and meets consumer demand for natural and safe products.

Microbiology of Agriculture

Screening,identification and functional evaluation of trichoderma strains antagonistic to strawberry anthracnose

LIU Jianhua, JIANG Yanqing, LI Hongmei, YANG Jianwen, WEI Yanli, LIU Baojun, LI Jishun, HU Jindong

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  60-68.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025027

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In response to the severe incidence and management challenges of strawberry anthracnose, this study targeted Colletotrichum siamense, the pathogen responsible for the disease.We used dual culture and sealed-plate assays to screen for the effective biocontrol Trichoderma strain HB 23422, which exhibited strong antagonistic activity against strawberry anthracnose,and was identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular biology as Trichoderma asperellum. On PDA plates, HB 23422 exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on Colletotrichum siamense CM9, with an inhibition rate of more than 74.55%. Vitro leaf experiments and pot experiments showed that the spore suspension of this strain could effectively reduce the incidence of strawberry anthracnose. The strain HB 23422 grows rapidly, produces abundant spores, and has excellent disease control efficacy, indicating its potential for development as microbial pesticide for environment friendly control of strawberry anthracnose.

Research on optimization of deep fermentation conditions for Morchella and its antioxidant activity

LIAN Hanyu, ZHENG Zhiqi, YU Qing, WANG Jiahui, SHA Yujie, QU Jie

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  69-76.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240157

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To improve the total antioxidant activity of fermented Morchella, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the composition and culture conditions of the fermentation medium. In the single-factor experiments, the concentrations of sucrose, yeast powder,(NH₄)₂SO₄, KH₂PO₄, and MgSO₄·7H₂O, as well as pH value in the fermentation medium were changed, to screen for optimal conditions based on the total antioxidant value of the fermentation broth. Then, based on the results of the single-factor experiments, three main influencing factors were selected for the Box-Behnken response surface design, and variance analysis and regression analysis were carried out using Design-Expert software. The results showed that the optimal composition of the medium was: yeast extract 4.3 g/L, sucrose 32 g/L, MgSO₄·7H₂O 1.5 g/L, KH₂PO₄ 1.4 g/L, (NH₄)₂SO₄ 2.5 g/L, and a pH of 6. These conditions significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of the fermentation broth and were cost-effective. The findings of this study provide theoretical and practical guidance for the Morchella fermentation industry, help to improve the quality and antioxidant performance of Morchella fermentation products, and further promote the applications of Morchella in health supplements, cosmetics, and other fields.

New Materials

Distribution of micron inclusions in steel and their impact on its mechanical properties

WANG Zhengci, LIU Long, TIAN Linan, LIU Zhe, SUN Wei, LIU Yongchao, WEN Peijian, ZHANG Qing

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  77-85.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2025007

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Under the current technological conditions, inclusions have become inevitable in steel. To investigate the impact of micron inclusions on the mechanical properties of metals, vacuum arc melting was used to control the mass fractions (contents) of micron Al₂O₃ powder at 0%, 0.2%, 0.6%, 1%, and 2%, thereby preparing samples with different contents of micron inclusions. Statistical analysis of inclusion sizes via computed tomography imaging and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that most inclusions had a size of <5 μm. Moreover, the quantity of inclusions proportionally increased with increasing Al₂O₃ content. Mechanical properties were tested using the indentation method; the test results indicated that the addition of a certain amount of micron inclusions can enhance the mechanical performance of a metal. However, when the Al₂O₃ content exceeded 1%, the tensile strength increase slowed down and the yield strength decreased. SEM observations revealed that at high Al₂O₃ content, inclusions tended to agglomerate into large inclusions or clusters, which caused local stress concentration. This phenomenon in turn negatively affected the strengthening effect of the micron inclusions on the mechanical properties of the investigated metal.

Research on preparation and properties of rapidly vulcanized nitrile rubber

LI Yutong, CHEN Dongping, LI Tiezhu, WANG Fushan, LI Lin, WANG Hui

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  86-93.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240135

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Herein, a wet-mixing process was used to improve the dispersion of fillers in nitrile latex by incorporating three types of accelerators: trialkyl chlorides (TACs), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), and zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (ZTC). These accelerators were added to cost-effective and readily available nitrile latex, followed by mixing, coagulation, washing, and drying to obtain nitrile rubber nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). A novel rapidly-vulcanized NBR was developed using the properties of NBR3445F and NBR3345 as reference standards, and the effects of different types and dosages of accelerators on the vulcanization characteristics, mechanical properties, and microstructure of the developed NBR were studied. Results showed that compared with conventional rapidly vulcanized NBR, the developed NBR with 2 parts of accelerator TAC (TAC-2) exhibited 4.7 s higher vulcanization speed, a 138% higher tensile strength, and 59% higher tear strength. This NBR also exhibited substantially higher overall performance than NBRs with the other two accelerators, ZTC and TMTD. These findings were well aligned with the microstructural characteristics observed in scanning electron microscopy image. Based on the premise of ensuring rapid vulcanization speed and safe processing performance, TAC, an accelerator with better performance, can be selected to manufacture a rapidly vulcanized NBR, providing a technical path and an experimental basis for the development of related materials.

Energy and Power

Cable fault location method based on APO-MVMD-Transformer

SUN Jie, SUN Yuwei, HU Guodong, YIN Haihai, JIANG Xuyong, MA Hongzhong

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  94-106.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240144

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To address the low accuracy and reliability of existing power cable fault-location methods, a new cable fault-location method based on APO-MVMD-Transformer is proposed in this study. The collected cable fault signal is decoupled through phase-mode transformation to obtain the fault traveling wave signal. The Arctic puffin optimization (APO) optimized multivariate variational mode decomposition (MVMD) parameters are then used to decompose this traveling wave signal. The Teager energy operator is applied to extract instantaneous energy variations in the high-frequency modal components, allowing the identification of the wavefront arrival times. The sampling points corresponding to these times are then used as feature values to construct a feature dataset, which is further employed to optimize the APO-Transformed-based model. Finally, feature dataset are input into the APO-Transformer-based location model to locate cable faults. Results showed that the proposed model exhibited a coefficient of determination as high as 0.999 91, a relative fault-location error within 1%, and a distance error within 100 m, thereby demonstrating high fault location accuracy.

Optical Fiber and Photonic Sensing Technology

Research on differential cross-multiplying and arctangent demodulation algorithms in DAS systems

ZHANG Feng, JIANG Yu, SUI Xiang, QIAO Xiaohan, SHANG Ying, ZHAO Wen'an, LÜ Jingsheng, WANG Chen

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  107-114.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240137

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Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) systems based on coherent optical time-domain reflectometry (COTDR) can obtain vibration information along the fiber length by demodulating the phase information from the backscattered Rayleigh signal in optical fibers. The phase demodulation algorithm is a key technology for phase extraction in DAS systems, and different algorithms exert varying effects on the demodulation results.This study investigates the impacts of two in-phase quadrature (IQ) demodulation algorithms, i.e.,differential cross-multiplying (DCM) and arctangent (Arctan), on the demodulation results. First, a theoretical analysis and numerical simulations based on DCM and Arctan are conducted. Subsequently, a COTDR-based DAS system is constructed to collect data, which are processed and analyzed using both algorithms. Experimental results indicate that the peak values of the demodulated signals obtained using the two algorithms differ by 0.04 rad, with an observed phase shift of 0.01 rad. In addition, based on the different characteristics of the two algorithms, recommendations for their application scenarios are provided.

Traffic and Transportation

Research on the layout and route optimization of airport shuttle bus stations based on passenger travel demand data

HE Jia, ZHAO Xiaoqi

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  115-124.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240131

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This study analyzed actual passenger travel demand based on city bus and subway card swipe data to provide data support for airport bus station selection and route optimization. First, travel demand centers were identified by analyzing card swipe data, and the K-medoids clustering algorithm was used to cluster city-wide travel demands. The resulting travel demand centers, along with major transportation hubs such as railway stations, were selected as shuttle bus stations to provide passengers with convenient transfer services. Second, optimal routes between stations were generated using network analysis and route optimization algorithms to improve the service coverage and operational efficiency of the airport shuttle. Finally, recommended routes were refined through manual adjustments of the optimal routes. A comparative analysis of route evaluation results revealed that the optimal airport shuttle routes significantly reduced the total walking distance of passengers. This study optimized airport bus station layout and route planning based on actual travel demand, providing scientific support for improving airport transfer services.

Traffic dynamics of a finite-buffer two-layer network via layer-switching mechanisms

SUN Mingming, LING Xiang

Shandong Science. 2025, 38(6):  125-132.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240138

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To alleviate queue lengths at bottom nodes in two-layer networks, reduce data packet travel time, and improve overall network traffic efficiency, this paper examines information packet transfer mechanisms between network layers. The study investigates how layer judgment frequency and network coupling strength influence transmission capability and stability in dynamic and static coupled networks with limited cache capacity. We compare the operational efficiency of two layer-switching approaches by analyzing packet loss rates, traffic density, and average travel times. Network stability and reliability are measured using loss threshold values. Results indicate that in two-layer dynamic networks with limited buffer space, both the layer-switching methodology and switching probability significantly affect transmission efficiency. By jointly optimizing the layer-switching approach and inter-layer edge distribution, the network's loss threshold can be increased, enhancing stable information transmission capacity and alleviating network congestion.