Table of Content

20 June 2022 Volume 35 Issue 3

  

Prevention and Control of COVID-19

Disinfection effects of vaporized hydrogen peroxide on worktables at biosafety laboratories

DAI Chen-wei,DIAO Hui-min,JIANG Yang-fan,LÜ Han,ZHOU Xiu-hong

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  1-6.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.001

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Three disinfectants, vaporized hydrogen peroxide, 84 disinfectant, and bromogeramine, were used to disinfect different worktables at a biosafety laboratory, and samples were taken at similar locations before and after disinfection. The effects of the three disinfectants on the worktables of a biosafety laboratory were compared. The results showed that 3% hydrogen peroxide was able to disinfect Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The number of colonies after disinfection with vaporized hydrogen peroxide was lower than that after the use of 84 disinfectant and bromogeramine, and the difference was significant (F=3.868, P=0.033). The average bactericidal rate of vaporized hydrogen peroxide was higher than that of the other two disinfectants, and the difference was statistically significant (F=3.487, P=0.045). The sterilization efficacy of vaporized hydrogen peroxide is sufficient to replace 84 disinfectant and bromogeramine for use as disinfectants for worktables at biosafety laboratories.

Pharmacology and Toxicology

Analysis of the mechanism of Dipsaci Radix-Taxilli Herba underlying the improvement of polycystic ovary syndrome via network pharmacology and molecular docking

HAN Cong,XIA Ming-hong,HU Yuan-long,ZHANG Jian-wei

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  7-16.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.002

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The study's aim was to explore the main active ingredients, targets, and pathways of the combined medicine, Dipsaci Radix-Taxilli Herba, involved in the improvement of polycystic ovary syndrome via network pharmacology. The main active ingredients and potential targets of Dipsaci Radix-Taxilli Herba were obtained through the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) systems pharmacology database and analysis platform, and the TCM-ingredient-target network was constructed using the Cytoscape software. The disease targets of polycystic ovary syndrome were obtained through Disgenet and OMIM databases, and they were compared to obtain common drugs and disease targets with the help of online venn tools. Protein-protein interaction network was constructed using the STRING database, and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG) pathway and gene ontology(GO) enrichment analyses were performed for the intersecting targets using Metascape database. Furthermore, the ingredient-target-pathway network was constructed via the Cytoscape software, and the reliability of inter-target binding was verified using the molecular docking technique. Among the 174 screened targets of the combined medicine, 80 common targets intersected with polycystic ovary syndrome, which mainly included cancer, hepatitis C signaling, AGE-RAGE signaling in diabetic complications, and other signaling pathways. The medicine, Dipsaci Radix-Taxilli Herba, forms multitarget and multichannel regulatory network through quercetin, β-sitosterol, and other active substances; improves hormone metabolism; reduces inflammatory cytokine levels; and achieves the goal of systemic improvement in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Potential mechanism of Mahuangjiazhu Decoction in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis based on network pharmacology combined with molecular docking technology

LI Xiao-li,YING Tian-hao,TANG Yi-di,ZHU Xuan,SUN Meng-meng,YU Tao,ZHAO Jia-ning,ZHANG Lei-ming

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  17-26.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.003

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To explore the potential mechanism of Mahuangjiazhu Decoction in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. The main active ingredients of Mahuangjiazhu Decoction and their targets were searched and screened. The targets for rheumatoid arthritis disease were obtained by screening using the GeneCards, OMIM, and Drugbank databases. STRING database and Cytoscape software were used to construct protein-protein interaction networks. Metascape database was used to conduct gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of the target points of Mahuangjiazhu Decoction in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Cytoscape was used to construct a drug components-targets-pathways network. Finally, AutoDock software was used to perform molecular docking of key components and targets. A total of 131 potential active ingredients of Mahuangjiazhu Decoction and 133 key targets for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis were screened. The main ingredients included quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, etc. The core targets included IL-6, TNF, TP53, STAT3, etc. GO and KEGG analyses revealed 2 250 biological processes, 89 cell components, and 152 molecular functions. The enrichment pathways mainly involved the AGE-RAGE, IL-17, and TNF signaling pathways. The results of molecular docking showed that phaseol and glycyrrhizin had good binding activity to key targets such as AKT1, PTGS2, MAPK1, and MAPK8. Thus, Mahuangjiazhu Decoction plays a role in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis through a multi-component, multi-target, and multi-channel action mode, which provides important scientific information for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

New Materials

Development of polyamide 66 core-spun denim fabric

LIU Yu-meng,TONG Sheng-hao,ZHANG Rui-yun,ZHANG Xiao-hua,XU Xiao-yuan,LIU Liu,ZHANG Rui-yin,LEI Fei,FU Shao-ju

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  27-34.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.004

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Herein, we are using polyamide 66 fiber to develop high performance and high quality denim fabric. Using viscose as the outer fiber, polyamide 66 or spandex as the core yarn to make 36.4 and 28.0 tex core-spun yarn as the weft yarn, pure cotton yarn of 36.4 and 28.0 tex as the warp yarn, a rapier loom is used to interweave to make the denim fabric. The strength, wear resistance, elastic recovery, crease recovery, and bending properties of denim fabrics woven from 6 kinds of fabrics waved by polyamide 66 core-spun yarns and spandex core-spun yarns were tested. Through comparative analysis, it is found that the elasticity of polyamide 66 core-spun denim is as good as that of spandex core-spun denim, while its strength and softness are better. Viscose/polyamide 66 (3.33 tex/10 F) core-spun fabric is stronger, more resilient, and softer than viscose/polyamide 66 (3.33 tex/34 F) fabric. Meanwhile, fabrics woven with 36.4 tex yarn have better strength, elasticity, and crease recovery, while fabrics woven with 28.0 tex yarn are softer.

Energy and Power

Heat transfer performance of heat exchanger tubes with inserted central inclined rod

WANG Xiao-yu,ZHANG Yu-xiang

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  35-42.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.005

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In the passive improvement of heat transfer technology, the use of inserts in tubes is a very common and practical technique. Inserting a central inclined rod in a heat exchanger tube can realize multilongitudinal vortex flow, similar to the optimized flow field in the tube, and effectively improve the heat exchange performance of the heat exchanger tube while retaining a small increase in flow resistance. In this study, a heat exchanger tube with an inserted central inclined rod is examined based on the numerical simulation method. The influence of the number, pitch, and diameter of inclined rods on the heat transfer performance and resistance characteristics is investigated. Results show that the heat transfer tube with the inserted central inclined rod achieves considerably better heat transfer performance than the smooth tube. The Nusselt number of the heat transfer tube with the inserted central inclined rod increases within a certain range with an increasing number of inclined rods, and the pressure drop increases with the number of inclined rods. When the number of inclined rods is three, the comprehensive heat transfer performance of the heat transfer tube with the inserted central inclined rod is better. The Nusselt number and pressure drop decrease with increasing pitch of the inclined rod. When the pitch of the inclined rod is 20 mm, the comprehensive heat transfer performance of the heat transfer tube with the inserted central inclined rod is better. The Nusselt number and pressure drop increase with the inclined rod diameter. When the inclined rod diameter is 2.0 mm, the comprehensive heat transfer performance of the heat exchange tube with the inserted central inclined rod is better.

Single-well-based complementary distributed multienergy system and optimization

GAO Guo-qiang,ZHENG Wei-bo,WANG Zhao-liang,CHEN Hong-yu,CHEN Guo-fu

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  43-53.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.006

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In this study, two production modes of oil-collecting pipeline transportation and oil-pulling single-well oil storage tanks are modeled and dynamic simulations are performed. Moreover, the heating load-variation rules and optimal heating parameters of the two modes are further explored. The distributed energy system schemes of crude oil transportation in single-well oil-collecting pipelines and oil-pulling oil storage tanks are designed, which involve a water jacket heating furnace, electric heat tracing, a solar heat-collecting device, a solar heat storage device, and an air source heat pump. Thermodynamic calculations of five types of heat sources are performed, and the objective function and constraint conditions for the two types of distributed energy systems are established to optimize the systems. Results show the required electric heat-tracing proportion of different modes, seasons, and times to achieve the rational use of the heat source and minimize investment and operational costs. Furthermore, economic analysis of several distributed heat sources is performed.

Energy-saving analysis of the frequency conversion transformation of an electric boiler water feed pump of the deep peak regulation unit

ZHAO Xue-shan,PAN Xiao-jun

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  54-61.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.007

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To improve the throttling loss of an electric water feed pump during the deep peak shaving operation of northeast coal-fired units, and the utilization rate of electric energy and coal consumption, a 600 MW electric water feed pump unit in power plant is taken as an example, using a frequency conversion scheme, under different working conditions (100%, 92%, 83%, 67%, 60%, 53%, and 50% rated loads), to analyze the power and frequency conversion conditions of single and double water feed pumps and identify the relationship between the flow rate, load, electrical efficiency, and active power of the motor. The test results show that the lower the flow, the more greater will be the improvements in the electrical efficiency and active power of the motor, up to 30% and 33%, respectively, subsequent to frequency conversion. Frequency conversion transformation is suitable for this unit, reducing the plant power consumption rate by 0.45%~0.87%, the power saving rate is 21%~33%. The variable frequency drive has a significant energy-saving effect on the deep peak shaving operation of the unit, providing a certain degree of reference for the transformation of the same type of unit.

Traffic and Transportation

Method for the quantitative evaluation of the visual perception complexity of driving environments for autonomous vehicles

YU Rong-jie,ZHAO Sui-yang,DONG Hao-ran

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  62-71.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.008

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To support the optimal selection of public testing road sites and provide instructions for improving driving environments for autonomous vehicles, a quantitative evaluation method for driving environment visual perception complexity was proposed. Based on the driving environment dataset from Baidu street view map, an automated extraction platform of street view image data was established using a script file and the screenshot tool PicPick. Driving environment data of 50 typical Shanghai roads of different areas and different road grades were collected. Then, an element perception platform of driving environment was established from five aspects—pedestrians, traffic signs, road markings, traffic lights, and vehicles—to quantitatively evaluate perception accuracy. Based on single-element perception accuracy, the weights for multidimensional perception elements were determined using the entropy method, and integrated perception accuracy at the road level was calculated. The silhouette coefficient method and K-means++ clustering algorithm were used to propose the classification of visual perception complexity. Results showed that the visual perception complexity of the road network in Shanghai can be divided into three levels. The majority of driving environment visual perception complexities of roads belong to level 2. In addition, comparisons among roads of different grades indicated that the visual perception complexity of local roads is generally lower than that of arterial roads.

Highway traffic state recognition based on swarm intelligence

ZENG Zhao-hui,WANG Jiang-feng,JIAO Xin-ping,XIONG Hui-yuan,GONG Xi-zhi

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  72-81.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.009

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To solve the problem of low recognition rate in traditional traffic state recognition algorithms that only consider the differences in individual characteristics of traffic parameters, the concept of swarm intelligence is introduced. A highway traffic state recognition algorithm that considers the differences in individual characteristics of traffic parameters as well as the differences in group characteristics contained in individual parameters is proposed. Because the fuzzy C-means algorithm (FCM) has the disadvantage of slow convergence in the generalization ability of traffic state recognition, the opposition-based learning strategy and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) are adopted. Considering the individual traffic parameters that contain the cluster behavior to enhance the diversity of the initial clustering center population of the traffic state, a swarm intelligence-based highway traffic state recognition algorithm OWF with good global search ability is designed, which incorporates reverse learning along with the WOA and FCM algorithms and overcomes the problem that the FCM recognition algorithm is prone to local optima. Empirical analysis results show that the proposed traffic state recognition algorithm has a good recognition effect, with an accuracy rate of 92%, and the convergence speed is greater than that of the FCM algorithm.

Analyzing the influence range of development benefits of rail transit under various connection modes

LIU Fang-cong,LI Peng-bo,TIAN Li-jun

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  82-88.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.010

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By considering the cost between different travel modes and analyzing different rail transit connection modes, a theoretical model for estimating the influence range of the development benefits of urban rail transits is proposed based on travel timetables. Nanchang Metro Line 1 is used as an example to verify the model. Moreover, using collected housing-price data around the site, the actual influence range of each site is obtained. Results show that the influence range of rail transit development benefits is positively related to the speed of the connection method, and negatively with the cost of travel modes. Additionally, the influence range of each station is different. In terms of the theoretical influence range, the farther the distance from the city center, the larger the influence range and the smaller the increase value of the influence range per unit distance. Furthermore, the increase value in the walking connection scope per unit distance is less than that of the bicycle connection scope, indicating that when analyzing the value-added benefits of the stations, the influence range of each station cannot be set to a certain value. It is necessary to consider the differences in the influence range under different connection methods. Moreover, because the Changjiang Road Station and Zhujiang Road Station are close to the Ganjiang River, the actual influence range decreases, implying that the actual influence range is related to the structure and planning of each city.

Environment and Ecology

Ozone prediction in Jinan based on artificial neural network ensemble prediction

SUN Feng-juan,TIAN Yong,SUN Kai-zheng,FU Hua-xuan,ZHANG Wen-juan,LI Min,L&xDC; Chen

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  89-99.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.011

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To handle inaccurate observations and errors in data analysis and assimilation, a single prediction is only one possible solution. To solve this problem, this study proposes an O₃ prediction model based on an artificial neural network ensemble prediction. To construct the artificial neural network forecast model, 8 types of meteorological factors and 2 types of pollutant factors are considered. Furthermore, the random disturbance method is used to create 15 sets of mutually independent random disturbance weather fields using data from May to September of each year, starting from 2013 and ending with 2019 as the training set and those from May to September 2020 as the test set. Results show that compared with a single artificial intelligence network prediction model, the proposed ensemble model clearly shows higher accuracy. The O₃ pollution hit rate is improved obviously, the nonresponse rate is remarkably reduced, and the empty rate is slightly higher than that of the single model. The O₃ pollution is predicted to happen more often using the proposed ensemble model, whereas that using the single model tends to be less. Considering a heavy O₃ pollution condition that occurred on July, 3 to 9, 2020 as an example, the proposed ensemble model can reflect the rapid cumulative increase and continuous process of O₃ pollution better than the single model. The proposed ensemble model can facilitate the probability of various occurrence, uncertainties and other more forecast information by providing quantitative probabilistic forecasts, which have certain practical application values.

Chemical composition evolution of particulate matter in persistent heavy-air pollution in Jinan

ZHANG Wen-juan,XIA Zhi-yong,SUN Feng-juan,WANG Zhi-fei,LI Min,BIAN Meng,WANG Zai-feng

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  100-106.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.012

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To study the characteristics of heavy-air pollution process of Jinan in winter, a typical heavy-air pollution process that occurred during December 8 to 13 in 2020 was taken as an example to comprehensively analyze the characteristics and causes from the perspectives of pollution process, meteorological conditions, and chemical composition of fine particles. The results were shown as follows: During the heavy pollution process, the primary pollutant was PM_2.5, with an average mass concentration of 137 μg/m³. The pollution peak was reached at 21:00 on the December 11, and the mass concentration of PM_2.5 was as high as 235 μg/m³. During heavy pollution, the high-altitude circulation was relatively straight; the low 850 hPa was affected by the southwest airflow, which was conducive to the formation of temperature inversion stratification; the ground pressure field was controlled, and advection and radiation fogs occurred alternately. The static and stable meteorological conditions worsened the accumulation of PM_2.5 concentration and the secondary conversion of particulate matter under high-humidity conditions. During the observation period, the mass concentration of SNA was 85.4 μg/m³, accounting for 52.0% of the PM_2.5 concentration. The average values of R_S and R_N were 0.44 and 0.33 respectively, the secondary oxidation of SO₂ and NO₂ in the atmosphere was relatively high. R_S was higher than R_N, indicating that the secondary conversion efficiency of $SO^{2-}_{4}$ is higher than $NO^{-}_{3}$. The average value of $\rho_{NO^{-}_{3}}$ / $\rho_{SO^{2-}_{4}}$ was 2.1, indicating that the contribution of mobile sources to PM_2.5 pollution is dominant. The average ratio of OC/EC was 6.5, which indicated that there was SOC pollution in the atmosphere of Jinan during the heavy pollution period. Using the ρ_OC/ρ_EC minimum ratio method, the mass concentrations of POC and SOC during the heavy pollution period were estimated to be 11.9 μg/m³ and 4.3 μg/m³, respectively. The mass concentration of POC was higher than SOC, and it indicated that the primary combustion source has a greater contribution to the pollution process.

Salt tolerance evaluation and selection of salt tolerance indexes for new varieties of willow seedlings

YANG Qian,YANG Bao-shan,QIN Guang-hua,WANG Hui,SHI Jia-xing,LIU Xue-ting

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  107-114.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.013

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To explore the salt tolerance ability of different varieties of willow species, three new varieties of willow species were used to study the change characteristics of their growth and related physiological indicators under different concentrations of NaCl(20, 40, 60, and 80 mmol/L).We measured 15 parameters associated with growth physical and chemical characteristics, and the salt tolerance of three varieties of willow seedlings was evaluated comprehensively by four objective analysis methods: equal weight grey correlation analysis, entropy weight grey correlation analysis, principal component analysis and principal component-grey correlation analysis. The results showed that combining with cluster analysis the contents of soluble protein, free proline, soluble sugar, H₂O₂ and relative water content of leaves could be considered as the main indexes for the identification of salt tolerance of willow seedlings. According to four analysis methods, Salix matsudana 'Wuxu1' (cultivated code A34), Salix matsudana 'Shidi1' (cultivated code A42) present the better performance in resisting salt stress. It can be used as alternative germplasm material for exploitation and utilization of saline soil. As a scientific and reasonable evaluation method, principal component-grey correlation analysis can be one more useful appraisement method to provide theoretical support for screening and breeding of salt tolerance of willow seedlings.

Other Research Articles

Soliton solutions of Gross Pitaevskii equations with trigonometric potential via Darboux transformation

LIU Shu-li,ZHANG Jin-yu,LI Chun-hui,WANG Xiao-li

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  115-122.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.014

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Herein, a class of Gross Pitaevskii (GP) equations with a trigonometric potential is studied. First, the Lax pair of GP equations is obtained. Second, the n-th Darboux transformation of the equations is provided and the n-soliton solution is obtained. Third, by selecting a zero seed solution, specific expressions of the single soliton solution and double soliton solution of the equations are obtained. Subsequently, Matlab is used to analyze the properties of the single and double soliton solutions, focusing on the influence of changes in parameters on the soliton.

Analysis of hydrate and sand particle movement based on DEM-CFD coupling method

DONG Hui,REN Xu-yun

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  123-130.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.015

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The movement of hydrate and sand particles in submarine hydrate mining is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, the coupling method of the discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is adopted to study the movement of hydrate and sand particles at the seabed. To verify the proposed method, the settling of spherical particles is simulated and compared with experimental findings. The feasibility of the proposed method is illustrated. Moreover, numerical simulations of a single sand particle and a single hydrate particle are performed using the DEM-CFD coupling method. Various particle positions, velocities, forces, and angular velocities are analyzed during particle movement. Simulation results show that the sand particles settle at the bottom of the container and collide when they reach the bottom while rotating simultaneously. The hydrate particles float upward without rotation. Finally, a numerical simulation of a particle swarm is performed in a closed container to show that the DEM-CFD coupling method can simulate complex flow with a large number of particles and analyze the particle force and movement at the microscopic scale. This study provides a reliable and effective method for multiphase flow research on hydrate and sand particles.

Effects of different volume fractions of dimethyl sulfoxide on DNA denaturation

XU Min,WANG Yan-wei,YANG Guang-can

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  131-137.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.016

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The effects of different volume fractions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on plasmid and linear DNA denaturation were investigated using atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering. It was found that a low volume fraction of 1% DMSO solution can also induce local DNA denaturation, which can be directly observed by atomic force microscopy. Simultaneously, due to the limitations of plasmid DNA linking number and single-stranded DNA generation, atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering showed that DNA gradually forms a superhelix structure with an increase in the volume fraction of DMSO. The average particle size of pBR322 DNA, 5 000 base pair DNA, and λ-DNA decreased from about (474±10) nm, (554±11) nm, and (871±17) nm, respectively, in 0 DMSO solution to (257±8) nm, (282±18) nm, and (449±21) nm, respectively, in 10% DMSO solution.

Crystal form control of the reactive crystallization process of esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate

GAO Xu-jie,LI Hong-cheng,GUO Jian-hui,YU Shuai,XUE Fu-min

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(3):  138-144.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.03.017

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Herein, esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate was prepared and its crystal form was controlled. Moreover, the properties of the product, such as the particle size distribution, were optimized. X-ray powder diffraction was used to characterize the crystal shape of the product. A two-dimensional online imaging system was employed to monitor changes in the crystal morphology during the reactive crystallization of esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate. A Marvin laser particle size analyzer was used to monitor changes in the particle size distribution. The effects of the crystallization temperature, reactant concentration, on the crystal form and mophorology of esomeprazole trihydrate magnesium were investigated. Results show that the crystallization mode of esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate is spherical and the crystallization temperature is the key factor affecting the crystal shape. The optimized reaction temperature was 25 ℃. Using the optimized process, drug particles of esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate with a fixed crystal shape, uniform particle size distribution, and large average particle size can be synthesized.