Table of Content

14 October 2021 Volume 34 Issue 5

  

Oceanographic Science, Technology and Equipment

Hydrodynamic analysis of cavity flow with different aspect ratios

REN Wan-Long, ZHAO Zhi-fan, LOU Shan-shan, GAO Yuan, HAO Zong-rui

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  1-7.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.001

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In the field of shipbuilding and ocean engineering, there exists a variety of cavity flows, wherein the flow process is more complex with an obvious turbulence structure. This study explores the influence of different aspect ratios on the cavity flow. Three cavity models with different height-width ratios were taken as the research objects, the mesh independence was analyzed, and the appropriate mesh was selected for numerical calculation. Large eddy simulation was used to analyze the flow field information of cavity flow with different aspect ratios. Furthermore, the velocity distribution, pressure distribution, and vorticity distribution were analyzed. The flow in the cavity with a small aspect ratio was more complex, and the vorticity nonlinearity was obvious, whereas the velocity and vorticity distribution in the cavity with a high aspect ratio were concentrated in the cavity opening region. The results of this study lay a theoretical foundation for the application of cavity flow in the field of ship engineering.

Pharmacology and Toxicology

Regulatory effects of Loganin on the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of nueral stem cells

ZHANG Jin-qiang, YI Sai-ni, SHEN Lin-min, LI Liang-yuan, XIAO Cheng-hong, TANG Xin, LIU Qin, SU Da-peng, XU Chun-yun, ZHOU Tao

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  8-15.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.002

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The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of different concentrations of Loganin on the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and its related molecular mechanisms. NSCs were isolated and cultured from the brain of adult mouse. The effects of Loganin on the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of NSCs were determined using different concentrations of Loganin.The results showed that the number and diameter of adult mouse NSCs significantly increased compared with those of control mouse after culturing in medium and high concentrations of Loganin for 5 days and 7 days (P<0.05). Medium and high concentrations of Loganin could promote the mitosis of NSCs. Low-dose Loganin treatment significantly promoted the differentiation of NSCs (P<0.01) and increased the number and proportion of neurons and astrocytes (P<0.01). However, medium and high concentrations of Loganin inhibited the differentiation of NSCs (P<0.05). Furthermore, high concentrations of Loganin reduced the number of neurons (P<0.05). These results suggest that a high concentration of Loganin could promote the survival of NSCs and enhance their proliferative ability by promoting the mitosis of NSCs. On the other hand, a low concentration of Loganin could promote the differentiation of NSCs and is beneficial for neurogenesis and oligodendrocyte regeneration. These results lay the theoretical and experimental foundation for research on NSCs for the treatment of central nervous system diseases.

Predicting the mechanism of action of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma-Bupleuri Radix for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease based on network pharmacology

SUN Dan-dan, JIANG Ting, WANG-Gang, HU Yong

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  16-25.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.003

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Based on the network pharmacology method to predict the action mechanism of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma-Bupleuri Radix on the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Screen the effective active ingredients of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma and Bupleuri Radix and the corresponding target proteins through the database, and predict and screen the target of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma-Bupleuri Radix for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Use Cytoscape 3.7.2 software to construct a drug-component-target-disease network diagram. Map the key target protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Metascape database was used to conduct gene ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis for effective targets. Sixty-five Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma compounds with 162 effective targets and 17 Bupleuri Radix compounds with 251 effective targets were screened. Through screening, 161 intersecting targets of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma and Bupleuri Radix for alcoholic liver disease were obtained. PPI network analysis revealed that AKT1, IL6, TP53, VEGFA, TNF, CASP3, and EGF may be the key targets of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma and Bupleuri Radix for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease. GO annotation analysis involved signaling pathways such as reactions to inorganic substances, reactions to toxic substances, membrane rafts, dendrites, transcription factor binding, and protein domain-specific binding. KEGG pathway analysis involved tumor signaling pathways, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, proteoglycans in cancer, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathways in diabetic complications. The key targets of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma and Bupleuri Radix medicine for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease as well as the biological processes and signaling pathways involved were preliminarily explored, and it was found that the effect is multi-target and multi-pathway.

Investigation of the molecular mechanism of Belamcandae Rhizoma-Ephedrae Herba couple medicine for treating cough-variant asthma

MEI Wei-ying, LU Wei-qing, CHEN Yun-wei, MEI Wen-xing, SHEN Chun-ti

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  26-33.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.004

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This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of Belamcandae Rhizoma-Ephedrae Herba couple medicine for treating cough-variant asthma on the basis of network pharmacology. The active ingredients and targets of Belamcandae Rhizoma-Ephedrae Herba couple medicine were obtained using the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP). The disease targets corresponding to cough-variant asthma were obtained from the GeneCards Database. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed and analyzed using the String online database. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were conducted using R language. Results show that a total of 30 active ingredients of Belamcandae Rhizoma-Ephedrae Herba couple medicine and 75 targets of cough-variant asthma were obtained. The interaction between the ingredients and targets is close and complicated. The targets were enriched in 98 GO processes, including nuclear receptor activity, transcription factor activity, direct ligand-regulated sequence-specific DNA binding, ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding, steroid hormone receptor activity, and steroid binding. The targets were enriched in 110 KEGG pathways, including PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, microRNAs in cancer, hepatitis B, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, and human cytomegalovirus infection. Belamcandae Rhizoma-Ephedrae Herba couple medicine may play an important role in the regulation and treatment of cough-variant asthma by regulating body immunity, anti-inflammatory activity, and reducing airway hyperreactivity.

The inhibition of loganin on microglia activation

YI Sai-ni, ZHANG Wen-jiao, LI Liang-yuan, XIAO Cheng-hong, TANG Xin, LIU Qin, SU Da-peng, XU Chun-yun, Zhang Jin-qiang, ZHOU Tao

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  34-41.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.005

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This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of different concentrations of loganin on microglia activation and its molecular mechanisms. In this study, primary mouse microglia were isolated and cultured. The cells were pretreated with different concentrations of loganin(50, 100, and 200 μmol/L), and then activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to observe the effects of loganin on LPS-induced microglia activation, inflammatory factor release, and NF-κB signaling pathway. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the body of microglia in LPS group expanded, microglia secreted inflammatory cytokines in abundance, and the degree of nuclear transfer of NF-κB increased (P<0.05). Microglia showed obvious M1 activation state. After intervention with low, medium, and high concentrations of loganin glucoside, the total cell and nuclear areas of the microglia decreased significantly (P<0.05). In addition, low, medium, and high concentrations of loganin could inhibit iNOS expression and activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia. These results suggest that loganin can significantly inhibit the activation of microglia and reduce the release of inflammatory factors, which may be related to the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. This provides a theoretical basis for the application of loganin in the prevention and treatment of neuroinflammation.

New Materials

Wear resistance of high-Cr cast-iron blade of shot blasting machine with investment casting

WANG Xue-liang, WANG Yong-jie, LIU Li-yan, WANG Rui-guo, ZHANG Chao-yang

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  42-48.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.006

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The optimal heat-treatment parameters for the high-chromium cast iron blades of shot blasting machine were researched on the basis of the orthogonal experimental design. With the addition of trace elements, vanadium and nano-sized WC/TiC particles, the wear resistance of high-chromium (Cr) cast-iron casting was improved, thus extending its service life. The results indicated that the blades′ hardness was 60 HRC and its best wear resistance was obtained at a quenching soaking time of 3 h while temping at 450 ℃ for 2 h. By adding the trace elements, vanadium and nano-sized WC/TiC particles, the microstructure of the blade was refined, the carbide morphology was changed, and the wear resistence improved by 30%. Results showed that the wear resistance of high-Cr blades can be increased by optimizing the heat-treatment process and the blades′ composition, thereby proving the comprehensive benefit of this study in industrial applications.

Energy and Power

A new heat transfer calculation model for oil reservoirs with multiple fluids

GAO Guo-qiang, CHEN Guo-fu

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  49-57.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.007

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Based on the concept of representative elementary volume (REV) proposed by Bear, the heat transfer in oil reservoirs containing multiple fluids was studied. Moreover, the “three box” analysis method was used to simplify the heat transfer model of the reservoir REV. Because the multifield coupling mechanism in porous media of the oil reservoir is complex and difficult to analyze, a new “gray box” analysis model was proposed for estimating thermal conductivity and the corresponding calculation formula was provided. Finally, the model was combined with CMG（computer modelling group) software to simulate the operating conditions of the horizontal well injection with multiple thermal fluids. Furthermore, the physical parameter distribution of the ground was obtained, which verified the usability of the proposed model.

Biomass Energy

Pyrolysis progress of oil sludge based on thermogravimetric Fourier transform infrared

CHEN Lei, YI Xiao-lu, SUN Lai-zhi, YANG Shuang-xia, XIE Xin-ping, HUA Dong-liang

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  58-63.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.008

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Oil sludge is one of the major solid wastes generated during oil field exploration, transportation, and petroleum refineries, which can cause severe soil, water, and air pollution. Pyrolysis is an effective technique for reducing oil sludge and achieving energy reutilization. Herein, the thermal characteristic mechanism and precipitation characteristics of oil sludge were studied using thermogravimetric Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis. Results show that the oil sludge pyrolysis process can be divided into three stages, namely, the release of water and a part of the light fraction, the release of organic materials, and the decomposition of carbonate compounds. The increase in the heating rate, affected by the delay in the internal heat and the mass transfer of oil sludge, led to the shift of the TG and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curves of the overall pyrolysis weight loss toward the high-temperature zone. Moreover, the pyrolysis process released CH₄, CO, CO₂, and volatile substances such as alkane, olefin, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Tranfic and Transportation

Comparison among the collection region distributions of multidirectional pedestrian flows based on density clustering

SUN Yue-peng, GUO Ren-yong, YU Tao

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  64-74.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.009

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To prevent pedestrian safety accidents and optimize and help crowd security management in public places, the collection region distributions of crowd are studied at three common multidirectional flow intersections of 90°, 120° and single corridor two-way pedestrian flow using the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCN) algorithms at different times based on a dataset from scenario experiments. Moreover, the clustering effect and parameter difference of the two algorithms are compared. Study results show the collection region distribution patterns and characteristic changes of the crowd. The clusters cannot remain in a stable clustering state but vary dynamically in 3 subject scenarios. The proposed method can be used to identify potential locations of crowd, observe hidden danger areas, provide evacuation facilities in advance in such areas, and protect the entire section to improve the efficiency and safety of the evacuation process.

Airport arresting function evaluation based on triangle model

ZHANG Shi-di, CHONG Xiao-lei, WANG Guan-hu

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  75-85.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.010

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In airport engineering, an arresting system is an important safety guard for an aircraft in case it slips out of the runway. It is particularly desirable to evaluate the validity and reliability of the arresting system to ensure the safety of aircraft. In this paper, carrier-based aircraft arresting cable is the main research subject. The arresting system is divided into three parts with specific functions in the process of arresting an aircraft: blocking function, buffering function, and guiding function. Quantitative indexes are established for the three functions, and mathematical function analysis method is used to determine the quantitative values of different indexes. Using the weight, the corresponding index evaluation values are obtained. Finally, using the triangle graph theory, the trend of the arresting system functions is analyzed to determine evaluation results to comprehensively evaluate the system. Taking an arresting system in an airport as an example, data is collected and evaluated during an arresting process. The results show that using the method for model evaluation function established in this paper, the evaluation values of various functions of the arresting system in a specific arresting process can be obtained. The values for blocking function, nonbuffering function, and nonguiding function are 0.83, 0.46, and 0.64 respectively, and can be used to judge the change trend of validity and reliability of the arresting system. The research results can provide reference for functions of the arresting system evaluation.

Environment and Ecology

Numerical study of the flue gas desulfurization system using rapid preparation amorphous powder activated coke as desulfurizer

ZHOU Xin-pei, CHEN Wei, HE Yan

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  86-96.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.011

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Numerical simulation of a flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system using rapid preparation amorphous powder activated coke (RAC) as the desulfurizer was conducted using ASPEN Plus. The existing coking model for RAC and the desulfurization model were used in the simulation. For the design conditions, the components of three key gas flows were collected, and the mass conservation and element balance of the proposed system were calculated and confirmed. The mass enthalpy and heat flow distribution were also described in detail to verify the energy conservation. For the ultra-low emission conditions, the effects of key parameters on the C-coal consumption, the recovered sulfur, and coke deposit amount in the fluidized desulfurization bed were calculated and discussed in detail.

Synthesis of chlorinated paraffins with different chlorination degrees

LI Hui-juan, LIU Lan-qi, ZHAO Mei, SONG Shan-jun, CHEN Xiang-feng

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  97-103.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.012

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An experimental equipment, which included a reflux reaction device, a drying device, a lye absorption device, and a vacuum inert gas replacement protection device, was set up to synthesize chlorinated paraffins (CPs) with different chlorination degrees. CPs with a carbon chain length of 10 (C₁₀-CPs) were synthesized through radical substitution reaction by refluxing decane with sulfuryl chloride (SO₂Cl₂) in the presence of a mercury lamp (10 W, 254 nm). Purification of reaction products was achieved via adsorption chromatography on silica gel and Florisil composite column to remove the unreacted decane. The products′ purity and their congener profiles were characterized via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) operated in electron ionization (EI) and in the electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) modes. The results showed that the purified product does not contain decane and other impurities. The C₁₀-CPs with seven and eight chlorine atoms were the most abundant congeners. It was found that the light intensity, reaction temperature, and reaction time influence the chlorination degree of the product. The calculated purity of the synthesized product was above 98%, and the chlorination degree was between 55.6% and 66.9%. The results showed that this method can be used to produce CPs with different chlorination degrees.

Gas generation process in sludge-municipal solid waste mixed landfill

NING Shun-li, HONG Si-yuan, SHEN Shi-long, YU Yan-ming, LI Lei

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  104-112.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.013

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The gas production process in sludge-municipal solid waste (MSW) mixture under different sludge addition conditions was studied through laboratory experiments, and a kinetic model of gas production process in the mixture degradation was established. Results show that the gas production process can be divided into three stages: adjustment stage, acceleration stage, and attenuation stage. With the increase in sludge amount, the cumulative gas production gradually increased, but when the sludge amount exceeded 30%, the cumulative gas production gradually decreased. With the addition of sludge, the methane production stage of the gas production process was significantly advanced, and the CH₄ content in the degradation gas production increased, which shortened the time required for the landfill to stabilize. However, there is a certain range for the amount of sludge that can be added. In the experiments, the mixture with 30% sludge amount exhibited the fastest degradation rate.

Degradation of rhodamine B using peroxymonosulfate activated with cobalt oxide supported on acid-treated red mud

ZHANG Qing-qing, XU Yu-sheng, SUN Xiao-jing, XU Dong-yan

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  113-120.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.014

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Red mud is an alkaline solid waste produced during aluminum production，and can be recycled by converting acidified red mud into Fenton-like catalyst. In this study, red mud was acidified using hydrochloric acid and then loaded on cobalt oxides via impregnation method to prepare a heterogeneous catalyst. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was activated by the as-prepared catalyst to remove Rhodamine B. The effects of catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, initial Rhodamine B concentration, and reaction temperature on the removal efficiency were investigated. Results show that the removal efficiency of Rhodamine B was 95.9% at the catalyst dosage of 0.05 g/L, PMS concentration of 0.1 mmol/L, initial solution pH of 4.8, temperature of 65℃, Rhodamine B concentration of 10 mg/L, and reaction time of 50 min. Free radical scavenging experiment confirmed the presence of SO₄^-· ,·OH, and singlet oxygen (¹O₂)in the reaction system, where ¹O₂played a major role in the oxidation of Rhodamine B. Even in the third reuse of the catalyst, the removal efficiency of Rhodamine B remained above 80%.

Other Research Article

Optimization of the freeze concentration process of ceftazidime mother liquor based on the response surface method

JIA Quan, HU Li-min, REN Feng, ZHANG Jian-li, TIAN Hong-nian, LIU Shu-bin

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  121-129.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.015

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Using ceftazidime mother liquor as the raw material, we recovered its effective components using suspension freeze concentration technology. Based on single factor test data, taking the recovery rate of ceftazidime as the evaluation index, we used the Box-Behnken response surface method to analyze the three extraction conditions of freezing temperature, freezing time, and stirring rate in three levels respectively to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimum recovery conditions of ceftazidime were as follows: freezing temperature -7 ℃, freezing time 3 h, stirring rate 20 r/min. Results show that the recovery of ceftazidime under these conditions was 93.15%.Combined with the actual production situation, the optimized suspension freeze concentration process is stable and can shed light on the follow-up study of ceftazidime.

Duncan-Chang modified model of saturated soil based on statistical damage theory

YE Wei, LU Ting-ting, JIANG Xin-dong , HUANG An-bang

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  130-135.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.016

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To describe the deformation process of saturated soil, a consolidation drainage triaxial compression test was performed with saturated soil of a slope as the research object. The stress-strain curve of saturated soil was found to be approximately hyperbolic.Thus, Duncan-Chang model was chosen as the basic model, and a new modified model of Duncan-Chang model was constructed based on statistical damage theory. Through Duncan-Chang model′s own characteristics and linear regression method, the model parameters were solved. The test data of saturated soil is identified using the built model, as well as the test and theoretical curves, were compared and analyzed. Results showed that the modified model has a simple structure and fewer parameters and can accurately identify the deviatoric stress-strain curve of saturated soil.

Determination of deuteration rate of iodomethane-d₃ using quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance

WANG Yu-liang, WAN Xin-huan, ZHANG Yun-yun, XIAO Tong, LI Fu-wei, GAO Hong-Mei, LIU Gui-juan, LIN Yun-liang

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(5):  136-142.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.05.017

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In this study, a quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance (qHNMR) method was proposed to determine the deuteration rate of iodomethane-d3.An experiment was conducted on a 400 MHz spectrometer using dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d₆) as the internal standard reference and deuterated solvent, respectively. The following parameters were set: spectral width 4807.69 Hz, transmitter frequency offset 2000.65 Hz, relaxation delay time 65 s, and number of scans 16 times. The peak of δ2.16 in iodomethane-d2 and that of δ8.07 in dimethyl terephthalate were considered as the quantitative and internal standard peaks, respectively. The methodological assessment of linearity, precision, repeatability, stability, and durability was performed, and good results were achieved. The proposed qHNMR method can be used for determining the deuteration rate of iodomethane-d3. This method is accurate, reliable, simple, and fast and does not require its own reference substance. Thus, it can meet the test requirements of iodomethane-d3 deuteration rate in the laboratory.