Table of Content

20 December 2021 Volume 34 Issue 6

  

Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Active Products

Isolation and purification of polysaccharide from Smilacis Chinae Rhizoma

Ming MEI,Jin ZHOU,Yi ZHANG,Liang-peng MA,Ming YANG,Song HU

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  1-8.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.001

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The purpose of this study is to optimize the polysaccharide purification technique from Smilacis Chinae Rhizoma. With the purity, paste rate, adsorption rate, and other parameters as indicators, the optimal alcohol precipitation process and macroporous resin purification technique were determined by investigating the alcohol precipitation temperature, alcohol precipitation time, macroporous resin type, and other factors. The optimum alcohol precipitation process is as follows. Take 1.0 g/mL solution and add ethanol to make the alcohol content reach 80%. Then, perform alcohol precipitation once and leave it at 25 ℃ for 12 h. Finally, pass it through a suction filter to obtain alcohol precipitate and dry it at 70 ℃. Optimum purification technique is as follows. Load 1 BV sample (2.0 mg/mL) and pass it through AB-8 resin at the rate of 2 BV/h, followed by elution through 3 BV pure water at the rate of 3 BV/h. The results show that the optimized process is stable and reliable and can be used for purifying.

Regional test performance of new Trichosanthes kirilowii strains

ZHOU Bing-qian, LIU Shu-zhen, JIAO Huan-ran, LU Heng, YANG Guo-hong, LIU Kun, LIU Wei

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  9-14.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.002

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The differences in botanical characters, phenological characteristics, and yield between the new Trichosanthes kirilowii line KXY-001 and the traditional Trichosanthes kirilowii line were compared by regional test. The results showed that KXY-001 had obvious trunk, rapid growth, high yield, and stability. Further, KXY-001 could blossom and bear fruits in the first year after planting and enter the high yield period in the second year. The fresh fruit yield per mu of biennial and triennial plants increased by 78.48% and 41.25%, respectively, compared to the traditional strains. The total saponin content of KXY-001 was higher than that of the traditional control strains for three consecutive years, which were 4.54%, 7.27%, and 5.08% respectively. KXY-001 new line has higher yield and stable regional adaptability, and its comprehensive characters are better than the traditional lines. It is suitable for cultivation and promotion in Shandong Trichosanthes kirilowii real estate area. The research results have certain reference significance for further unveiling specific germplasm characteristics of Trichosanthes kirilowii, line promotion, and high value utilization of resources.

Analysis of volatile oil constitutes of guava leaves by solid phase microextraction

XU Yi-zhen

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  15-21.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.003

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In this study, a method using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the analysis of volatile oil in guava leaves was developed. Several factors, including types of SPME fiber, extraction temperature, extraction time, and ionic strength of the sample solution, were optimized using single-factor optimization strategy. The optimal conditions were as follows: CAR/DVB/PDMS extraction fiber, extraction temperature of 65 ℃, extraction time of 40 min, and ionic strength of 20%. A total of 47 chemical compounds were identified, including eight types of ketones, 14 types of aldehydes, five types of esters, six types of alcohols, four types of olefins,two types of acids, and others, such as phenols. The identified components account for 93.97% of the total chemical constitutes in guava leaves, calculated using the peak area normalization method. This method provides methods and data support for the study of the medicinal value of guava leaves.

Pharmacology and Toxicology

Progress of network pharmacology applications in studying the complex mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicine

HAN Li-wen, CHEN Shan-jun, DONG Rong, ZHANG You-gang, WANG Xiao-jing

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  22-31.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.004

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The complex mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which are characterized by multilevels and multisystems, have always been a crucial scientific problem in modern research. With the integration of computer technology, systems biology, multidirectional pharmacology, and other disciplines, network pharmacology has formed a core technical system based on network targets, which has established component-target-disease molecular networks and shown great application potential in the modern research of TCM. We reviewed the network construction and analysis technology of network pharmacology, recent research progress in elucidating TCM's pharmacological mechanism of action, and the potential for further development of network pharmacology to provide useful reference for conducting in-depth interpretation of the scientific connotation of TCM.

Therapeutic effects and mechanism of action of Suanzaoren decoction, a classical prescription, on p-chlorophenylalanine-induced insomnia in rats

LIU Hao, HAN Chang-sheng, CHI Xian-su, YANG Zhen-xiao, WANG Xiang-yu, WANG Xin, MA Ke

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  32-40.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.005

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The therapeutic effects and mechanism of action of Suanzaoren decoction on p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced insomnia in rats were investigated. We randomly divided 20 male and 20 female 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats into four groups of ten rats (five male and five female rats) each as follows: Suanzaoren decoction group, diazepam group, model group, and blank group. We established a rat model of insomnia by the intraperitoneal injection of PCPA suspension and evaluated the changes in the sleep behavior and mood of rats after an open-field experiment and an elevated plus-maze experiment. After two weeks of treatment, rat serum samples were collected to analyze the changes in the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters, amino acid neurotransmitters, and inflammatory factors. According to the results of the elevated plus-maze experiment, compared with the blank group, rats with PCPA-induced insomnia had a significant decrease in the percentage of open arm residence time (t_oc) and a decrease in the percentage of open arm entry time (N_oc), which indicated that the model was constructed successfully. Compared to the model group, the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the Suanzaoren decoction group increased significantly, whereas the increase in norepinephrine (NE) level was not significant. In contrast, dopamine (DA) and glutamic acid (Glu) levels decreased significantly. Compared to the model group, pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β level was significantly decreased, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level was significantly increased in Suanzaoren decoction group. Compared to the diazepam group, the decrease in DA level in Suanzaoren decoction group was more significant, whereas the level of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in diazepam group reduced more significantly than that in Suanzaoren group. However, the levels of 5-HT, GABA, NE, Glu, IL-1β, and IL-10 in these two groups showed similar trends with no statistically significant differences. The study suggested that Suanzaoren decoction relieved insomnia by increasing the levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters, reducing those of excitatory neurotransmitters, and restoring those of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study will serve as a scientific basis for demonstrating the efficacy and validating the prescription of Suanzaoren decoction in treating insomnia.

Network pharmacology study on the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Rhellodendri Chinensis Cortex combination

PAN Hui-jun,ZHU Quan-gang,ZHU Cong-cong

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  41-50.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.006

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The combination of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Rhellodendri Chinensis Cortex is a commonly used combinatorial medicine in clinical practice, which belongs to the “mutual promotion”. Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Rhellodendri Chinensis Cortex combination has an anti-inflammatory effect, but the mechanism underlying this effect has not been studied well. In this study, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Rhellodendri Chinensis Cortex combination was studied using network pharmacology. The results showed that Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Rhellodendri Chinensis Cortex combination has 182 potential anti-inflammatory targets, of which 29 showed regulatory scores greater than or equal to twice the median value of the common targets of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, Rhellodendri Chinensis Cortex, and inflammation-PTGS2, PTGS1, RXRA, ADRB2, AR, CHRM1, ADRA1B, CHRM3, F10, NOS3, etc. These targets are closely related to the mechanism of inflammation. GO(gene ontology) function showed that anti-inflammatory targets were involved in RNA polymerase Ⅱ promoter transcriptional regulation, cell proliferation, apoptosis regulation, nitric oxide biosynthesis regulation, etc. The KEGG(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) pathway was involved in TNF, HIF-1, PI3K-Akt, FOXO, VEGF, T cell receptor, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways and insulin resistance pathway, among others. The results suggested that the molecular mechanism of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Rhellodendri Chinensis Cortex combination would be the coregulation of various signal pathways, exerting synergistic anti-inflammatory effects. The molecular mechanisms of the effect of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Rhellodendri Chinensis Cortex combination studied using network pharmacology provide a scientific basis for its clinical use.

Study on the mechanism of Ranunculi Ternati Radix in the treatment of tuberculosis based on network pharmacology

LIU Yuan, CHEN Jie, SUN Hui, XU Yuan-nan, MA Zhi-qiang, LIU Xiang-fang, LIU Meng-xing, LIU Xing

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  51-61.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.007

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This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of Ranunculi Ternati Radix in the treatment of tuberculosis based on network pharmacology. The active ingredients and related targets of Ranunculi Ternati Radix were screened using the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology database and analysis platform. With the help of the GeneCards database to search disease targets, the intersections of active ingredient targets and disease targets are used as the predicted targets of Ranunculi Ternati Radix for tuberculosis treatment. A protein-protein interaction network diagram was constructed using the STRING database, and gene ontoeogy and Kyoto encyclopedia of gene and genomes(KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed for the overlapping genes. Finally, molecular docking verification between active ingredients and potential targets was performed using the AutoDock software. In total, 12 active compounds were selected from Ranunculi Ternati Radix. These active ingredients mainly act on the key targets of tuberculosis, including CASP3, CASP8, CASP9, BCL2, and BAX. KEGG results indicate that Ranunculi Ternati Radix may interfere with tuberculosis by regulating the apoptosis signaling pathway. The main components of Ranunculi Ternati Radix identified using molecular docking include stigmasta-4,6,8, vittadinoside, stigmasterol, stigmasterol glucoside, sitosterol acetate, and beta-sitosterol. These components were known to have obvious effects on BAX, CASP3, and CASP9. This study explored the active ingredients of Ranunculi Ternati Radix and corresponding potential targets when treating tuberculosis at the molecular level based on network pharmacology. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of Ranunculi Ternati Radix was verified.

Microbiology of Agriculture

Effect of Trichoderma harzianum LTR-2 on winter wheat grain quality

LI Ling, LIU Bao-jun, YANG Kai, CHEN Kai, WANG Yi-lian, LI Ji-shun

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  62-67.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.008

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To explore the effect of Trichoderma harzianum LTR-2 on wheat grain quality and provide a practical method for improving wheat quality, parameters such as thousand seed weight as well as amino acid, protein, and wet gluten contents of winter wheat grains (cultivar Jimai 44) were analyzed after spraying different concentrations of T. harzianum LTR-2 suspension at the booting stage. The results demonstrate that the analyzed parameters had improved compared with the controls at the booting stage. The aforementioned results indicated that spraying of T. harzianum LTR-2 at the booting stage could improve the yield of wheat as well as nutritional and processing quality of wheat grain.

New Materials

A novel porcelain-aluminum composite solar plate

XIU Da-peng,ZHANG Xin-en,XU Jian-hua,ZHAO Guo-chen,JIANG Xiao-ping,ZHANG Su-qing,WANG Jie,HONG Shan-qiang

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  68-76.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.009

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Herein, a novel type of high efficiency porcelain-aluminum composite solar plate (PACP) was developed, which comprised aluminum alloy matrix plates, flow guide collecting tubes and nanostructure endothermic coatings. The aluminum alloy matrix plate was an integrated structure of circulating pipes and curved fin plates and manufactured through a one-step extrusion process using corrosion-resistant 6063 aluminum alloy. The inner walls of the circulating pipes and diversion collecting pipes were protected by spraying superhydrophobic coating layers. The nanoblack porcelain composite powder was synthesized using black porcelain powders, matting agents, and resin binders. The nanostructure endothermic coating was prepared via electrostatic spraying and a high-temperature curing process. The solar absorptance was up to 0.96. The experimental results showed that the nanostructure endothermic coatings exhibited good thermal stability and would not peel off under long-term adverse environmental conditions. The porcelain-aluminum composite solar plates with an integrated structure exhibited excellent thermal conductivity, and the thermal conductivity efficiency was as high as 0.98. The thermal efficiency of the proposed porcelain-aluminum composite solar collector was approximately 43.6%, which was higher than that of traditional solar collectors, and the manufacturing cost was approximately 14% lower than that of traditional solar collectors. The proposed porcelain-aluminum composite solar collectors have advantages in terms of cost, life, and efficiency and can be used to build large-area solar collector systems to meet current development requirements of the solar energy industry. It has good economic and social benefits and broad application prospects.

Energy and Power

Numerical investigation of the flash evaporation process inside a nozzle with two S-shaped internal vanes in a waste heat power generation system

JI Can, LIU Zhi-gang, LÜ Ming-ming

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  77-82.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.010

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Flash evaporation refers to the abrupt vaporization of liquid when it undergoes a sudden pressure drop. It has broad application prospects in the field of waste heat recovery in energy-intensive industries. Motivated by the lack of research on internal flow and phase-change phenomena inside the nozzle in a waste heat power generation system, in this work, we conduct numerical research on the internal flashing in a typical nozzle with two S-shaped internal vanes. The mathematical description of this problem is given by coupling the Volume of Fluent model and the pressure-driven phase-change model, and a numerical solution is obtained using CFD software. Results show that the fluid starts to rotate and accelerate when it flows through the S-shaped vanes. Downstream the vanes, the rotation speed is low in the middle and high near the wall. After that, the fluid accelerates and ejects through the contraction section of the nozzle. Pressure drop downstream the vanes leads to flash evaporation inside the nozzle, and fluid leaves the nozzle as a liquid-vapor mixture. In addition, a modified nozzle structure is proposed from the perspectives of improving atomization, reducing fouling, and enlarging passage area. The proposed structure can promote the complete and rapid progress of spray flash evaporation and help to further improve the efficiency of the waste heat power generation system.

Optimal power system dispatch to maximize clean energy utilization

ZHANG Xin-yu,BU Jing

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  83-90.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.011

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Considering different types of power output characteristics and the complementarity and contradiction between them, a multiobjective optimal dispatching model is built for a power generation system that includes hydropower, thermal power, wind power, and an energy storage system. The proposed model is characterized by minimal system cost, minimal air pollution emission, and maximal clean energy utilization. A Monte Carlo simulation and a genetic algorithm are combined to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model using an improved 39-node system. Both the hydropower and energy storage system can fulfill their regulatory functions to the greatest extent in different situations, thus stabilizing the fluctuation of wind power, reducing air pollution emission and wind abandonment, and implementing the allocation of various types of energy sources.

Optical Fiber and Photonic Sensing Technology

Polarization-maintaining output of distributed feedback fiber laser using polarization coupling method

SONG Zhi-qiang,QI Hai-feng,NI Jia-sehng,WANG Wei-tao,GUO Jian,JIANG Peng-bo,WANG Chang

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  91-96.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.012

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In this study, a method for maintaining polarization- output of a distributed feedback fiber laser (DFB-FL) via polarization coupling method is proposed. DFB-FL is a type of narrow-line-width light source produced via phase shift grating etched on an active optical fiber. The grating formation process based on side exposure will induce the tangential index distribution polarization of the fiber, ensuring that the narrow-line-width laser exhibits single linear polarization characteristics. The output fiber of DFB-FL can be replaced with a polarization-maintaining fiber using the polarization-maintaining welding machine. During this process, the angle between the laser polarization direction and the slow axis of the polarization-maintaining fiber of DFB-FL can be adjusted by rotating the fiber. Moreover, the change in the laser power and polarization extinction ratio can be measured using a power meter and extinction ratio tester. When both the laser power and polarization extinction ratio are maximum, polarization coupling can be achieved between DFB-FL and the polarization-maintaining fiber. Results show that the polarization extinction ratio of the DFB-FL is greater than 30 dB and the polarization state is linearly polarized. Compared with the single-mode output fiber laser, the laser efficiency, line width, and noise of the polarization-maintaining output fiber laser show no significant changes.

Traffic and Transportation

Factors influencing residents' travel mode selection considering customized shuttle bus

ZHANG Wen-bo, ZUO Yu-fan, WANG Yue-ping, CHEN Jing-xu, LIU Zhi-yuan

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  97-105.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.013

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It is crucial for the operation and management of customized shuttle bus to acknowledge the factors influencing chosen rate. This study proposes a mixed model based on both generalized and conditional Logit models. Within the modeling structure, this study develops a utility function with the individual attributes of residents and travel scheme attributes. According to the travel distance and service level of customized shuttle bus, a set of customized shuttle bus, taxi, and public transit bus as options is determined. Based on stated preference data, the model estimation provides the marginal utility of and the distribution probability of the travel mode for different influencing factors. Results suggest that the absolute value of travel price variable coefficients in the utility function of the conventional bus and customized bus-1 are larger, which are 0.195 4 and 0.117 3, respectively,where in customized bus-2 and taxi is smaller, which are 0.156 1 and 0.057 1, respectively. The absolute values of travel time variables in the utility functions of the customized bus-2 and taxi are 0.073 5 and 0.080 7, respectively, where in conventional bus and customized bus-1 are 0.020 4 and 0.015 0, respectively. This implies that the customized bus service should be designed according to the travel price and travel time sensitivity of potential passengers. These results shed light on setting up customized bus operation strategies.

Modal confidence analysis and comparison of brake disc based on simulation and experiment under free conditions

ZHOU Chang-feng,ZHANG Jia-hao,LIU Li-bang,LIU Xin-lei,WANG Xi-bo

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  106-111.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.014

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The finite element model of the brake disc was established and the first five elastic modes of the brake disc are obtained by simulation The modal experiment was carried out and the research on experimental parameter selection, measurement point placements and modal judgment criteria were conducted. The correctness of the experimental results was verified by the fitted frequency response function curve and the modal assurance criterion. The comparison between simulation and experiment demonstrates that the modal shapes and frequencies obtained by the simulation model coincide with the experimental results basically. The research indicates that the finite element model of the brake disc can be used to predict the vibration and noise characteristics of the brake disc under constrained conditions.

Other Research Articles

Stability analysis of first-order linear convection equations with variable coefficients

ZHANG Tian-tian, XU Wen-wen, GUO Hong, DU Ming-yang, YU Chang-biao

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  112-118.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.015

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The stability of upwind schemes for first-order linear convection equations with variable coefficients is studied herein. The conditions to ensure the stability of upwind scheme are obtained using the energy inequality and freezing coefficient methods, and the accuracy of the stability analysis theory is verified via numerical experiments.

Design and implementation of multiabnormity three-dimensional laser marking software

XU Li, LI Xiang-dong, ZHANG Yan-bo, DI Xiao-long

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  119-126.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.016

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To solve the problems associated with the existing laser marking systems, such as difficulty in special-shaped marking, unclear and fuzzy characters, and poor graphics, a multiabnormity three-dimensional laser marking system is built herein. For the hardware, a segmented expanding shaft and a rotating expanding shaft are introduced based on a plane marking platform; moreover, an infrared focus-positioning system is used to realize three-axis linkage marking. For the software, to solve the issues that a laser-marking machine cannot automatically mark and engrave large-format and special-shaped workpieces, an improved marking processing software is designed and multimotor control is combined to realize one-time focus and defocus marking on plane and inclined surfaces. Based on the three-axis linkage hardware and marking software, the function of three-dimensional marking mode, such as inclined surface, segment difference, cylinder, cone, sphere, and extruded curved surface, can be completed. The experimental results show that the system can achieve the requirements of error-free and deformation-free marking on many types of special-shaped workpieces.

Production technology of mapping an aerial digital orthophoto with a 0.2 m resolution

QU Li-li, ZHU Feng-qi

Shandong Science. 2021, 34(6):  127-133.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2021.06.017

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Focusing on the production method for mapping a high-resolution digital orthophoto and the problems that often occur in this production process, the key technology of producing high-resolution digital orthophoto maps from the practical perspective is proposed and the technical challenges and corresponding solutions are summarized using the 9600 km² 0.2 m resolution DMCⅢ digital aerial image data of Binzhou area and cluster image processing systems (such as Inpho, GEOWAY CIPS, and Pixel Factory) to produce 1:2000 digital orthophoto maps. Constructive suggestions on the acquisition and processing of high-resolution aerial images are carefully suggested. The proposals will help in improving the quality and efficiency of future projects in this field and will contribute to the fundamental surveying and mapping, which will benefit the economic development of China.