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Table of Content

    20 October 2023 Volume 36 Issue 5
      
    Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Active Products
    Analysis of the contents of active ingredients in Lonicerae japonicae flos based on UPLC-MS/MS combined with chemometrics
    QIAN Guiying, QIAN Yunying, WU Xiaoming, JIN Fengzhu
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  1-8.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.001
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    This study aimed to devise a methodology for the simultaneous determination of the contents of nine primary components in Lonicerae japonicae flos through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The chemometric analysis of the nine primary components was performed via negative ion scanning. Further, chromatographic separation was performed on a Thermo Hypersil GOLD column at a temperature of 35 ℃. The mobile phase comprised methanol and water containing 0.2% formic acid, as determined through the cluster thermogram and principal component analyses of Lonicerae japonicae flos. The peak areas with concentrations of nine components exhibited a good linear relationship (R2>0.999 1), and the intraday (0.96%~2.26%) and interday (0.52%~3.04%) precisions and stability values (0.85%~2.15%) agreed well with relative standard deviation (RSD). The recovery rate was between 96.77% and 101.94%, and the RSD was between 2.48% and 4.01%. The results of the chemometric, hierarchical cluster, and principal component analyses revealed that there were considerable differences in the contents of the active ingredients of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos from various regions, and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid were considered as the dominant compounds. UPLC-MS/MS quantitative and chemometric analyses of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos performed herein may provide a reference for the modernization of and innovative research on the effective ingredients of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and related quantity effect relations as well as the quality control of related products.

    Identification of rutin metabolites and analysis of rutin metabolic pathway in rats
    WANG Changlin, GAO Mingzhou, GUO Yinghui, SUN Ya, YU Xiaojun, YAN Zhi, WANG Jieqiong, QIAO Mingqi
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  9-18.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.002
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    Herein, metabolites in plasma, urine and feces of rats were analyzed after oral administration of rutin and the metabolic pathway of rutin was evaluated. After intragastric administration of 250 mg/kg rutin, plasma, urine, and feces were collected and treated via solid phase extraction. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrapmass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS) was used with 0.05% formic acid water (A)-0.05% formic acid acetonitrile (B) as mobile phase gradient elution. The sample data were collected in positive- and negative-ion modes. The metabolites and metabolic pathway of rutin in rats were determined via high resolution extraction ion chromatography in the parallel reaction monitoring mode, combined with chromatographic retention time, accurate mass measurement and diagnostic ions.Twenty-nine rutin metabolites were detected and identified in positive and negative ion modes,and their main metabolic pathways were methylation, glucuronidation, sulfation and their compound reaction. The study provided the overall metabolic profile of rutin, which will provide a reference for further pharmacodynamic evaluation, development, and utilization in the future and offer a comprehensive research method for drug metabolism identification.

    Mechanism of Sanhuang Xiexin decoction in treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on network pharmacology and molecular docking method
    WANG Yifan, ZHANG Zhe, TIAN Caijun
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  19-26.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.003
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    The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) using a network pharmacology approach. The active ingredients and targets of the Sanhuang Xiexin decoction were examined and screened using the systematic pharmacology database and the analysis platform of traditional Chinese medicine. AD-related targets were retrieved and screened through Gene Cards database, and drug and disease intersection targets were obtained through through Venn diagram.The STRING database was used to obtain the network information of protein-protein interaction (PPI). The Cytoscape was used to construct drugs-active ingredients-target-disease network and PPI,and DAVID database was used to analyze common targets in gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG). Furthermore, the Sybyl-x 2.1.1 software was used for molecular docking validation. The screening yielded 47 active ingredients and 71 related targets. Herein,the main active ingredients were quercetin, β-sitosterol, wogonin, baicalein, rivularin, and moslosooflavone; and the core targets were IL-6,TNF,IL-1β,VEGFA,TP53.The GO function enrichment analysis predominantly involved biological processes including drug response, hypoxia response, positive regulation of cell migration,and positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis.KEGG analysis mainly involved pathways such as cancer pathways, HIF-1 signaling pathways, and TNF signaling pathways.Molecular docking results showed the presence of a relatively strong binding ability between the core target and the core compounds, such as β-sitosterol and rivularin.This study preliminarily explained that the Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction can interfere with AD by modulating HIF-1, TNF, and other signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting Aβ aggregation and tau phosphorylation, blocking acetylcholinesterase activation, and suppressing inflammation.

    Pharmacology and Toxicology
    Effects of different liquid culture media on growth and metabolism of Phylloporia ribis
    SUN Lijiao, SUN Di, CHENG Xianhao, SHI Xiaowei, ZHAO Zhilong
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  27-32.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.004
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    Phylloporia ribis, a type of medicinal and edible fungus that parasitizes the phloem of Lonicera japonica rootstock for more than 5 years, has anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. In this study, four types of liquid media(PD, LPD,MF,LMF) were used for its artificial culture. Furthermore, the effects of different media on the contents of triterpene polysaccharide and adenosine in the biomass were investigated. The results showed that the polysaccharide contents of Phylloporia ribis were high in PD and LPD media (2.910 mg/g and 2.708 mg/g, respectively). The biomass, triterpenoid, and adenosine contents of Phylloporia ribis in LMF medium were 3.280 mg/g, 6.426 mg/g, and 3.182 mg/g, respectively, which were higher than those in the other three media. This study provides a reference for the large-scale artificial cultivation of Phylloporia ribis.

    Energy and Power
    Predicting surface movement and deformation for continuous mining and continuous backfilling under an artificial lake
    ZHANG Guojian, MENG Hao, XIONG Wei, BAI Tao, MENG Xianchen, WANG Jun, LÜ Xiao
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  33-43.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.005
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    To investigate surface movement and deformation characteristics due to continuous mining and continuous backfilling (CMCB)of coal under artificial lakes, laboratory and field coring mechanical tests were conducted on the CMCB area to verify the feasibility of the filling body. Based on the equivalent mining height probability integration method, the surface subsidence of the CMCB area was predicted. The height of the water-conducting fracture zone was analyzed using numerical simulation, and its results were compared with those of the probability integration method. The results show that the strength of the filling body is 5.063 MPa, which is higher than the designed strength of 2.0 MPa, ensuring safe mining.Owing to continuous mining and backfilling in the area, the maximum inclination value of the surface was 0.3 mm/m and the maximum horizontal deformation value of the surface was -0.2 mm/m, respectively, which is less than the range of grade Ⅰ damage to brick and concrete structures. The surrounding surface subsidence was gentle, and there was no safety hazard. The height of the water-conducting fracture zone was about 49.7 m, and the distance from the waterproof layer was about 160.3 m, indicating the safety of underwater coal mining. Results of the FLAC3D numerical simulation and probability integration method were close, thereby verifying that the CMCB technology can effectively slow down surface movement and deformation.

    Maximum power point tracking algorithm for photovoltaic arrays under local shadow
    LIU Chen, HUANG Yihu
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  44-51.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.006
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    The traditional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is prone to fall into local optimization in the case of a multipeak photovoltaic array. The butterfly optimization algorithm has a strong global search capability and a relatively stable convergence process; however, it has not been widely used due to its low convergence accuracy. This paper proposes an MPPT algorithm that combines the improved butterfly optimization algorithm with the perturbation and observation method. The traditional butterfly optimization algorithm was optimized by introducing the chaotic mapping theory to improve the distribution of the initial butterfly population. Besides, the dynamic switching probability was used to optimize the switching strategy. Herein, first, the global search capability of the butterfly optimization algorithm was used to locate the range of the maximum power point, and then the small step size perturbation and disturbance observation method were used to accurately locate the maximum power point. This algorithm combines the advantages of the global optimization of the butterfly optimization algorithm and the precise optimization of the perturbation and observation method. Furthermore, Simulink simulation experiments were conducted, and the results were compared with the traditional butterfly optimization algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm. The results show that the improved algorithm can adapt to complex and changing light conditions and has certain advantages in both convergence accuracy and speed.

    Optical Fiber and Photonic Sensing Technology
    On-load transformer fault detection based on distributed optical fiber sensing system
    DONG Guanlei, JIANG Xiaodong, SUN Peng, YANG Guang, GENG Junqi, WANG Jiawen, QU Shuai, HUANG Sheng, WANG Chen, SHANG Ying
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  52-59.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.007
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    This paper proposes an artificial neural network-based fault detection and prediction model for on-load transformers using distributed fiber optic sensing technology. By artificially simulating the fault and normal operating states of transformers and using the k-means synthetic minority oversampling technique data expansion method, a small number of fault datasets can be limitedly expanded so that the amount of fault data can be consistent with that of normal data. Therefore, the expanded fault data and normal operation data can be input into the convolutional neural networks long short term memory identification model. Finally, the fault recognition rate can be increased to 100%, which has significant implications for the development of fault recognition systems for on-load transformers based on distributed fiber optic sensing technology.

    Optical fiber microseismic monitoring system and its application research in Wuyang Coal Mine
    ZHANG Hua, HU Binxin, ZHU Feng, WANG Jiqiang, SONG Guangdong
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  60-66.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.008
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    Optical fiber microseismic monitoring technology is used to monitor and alert the microvibration events generated during production activities through observation and analysis with passivity and high reliability. Herein, the sensors are vertically installed on the side bolts along the roadway, and the monitoring substation is installed in the chamber. The sensors and the monitoring substation constitute a monitoring network through the laid optical cables. Besides, the simplex method is used to locate the seismic source. This method is free from divergence problems in the location calculation and is highly stable. Moreover, in this method, the solution of the partial derivative and inverse matrix is not required, which reduces the calculation amount and improves the calculation efficiency. Additionally, each sensor can use different wave velocities during the calculation based on the actual situation. The optical fiber microseismic monitoring system was installed in Shanxi Wuyang Coal Mine for preliminary monitoring and application, and the monitoring results were analyzed. The results show that the system can monitor mine activities and warn early, thereby playing a positive role in safe production.

    Traffic and Transportation
    Association analysis method for railway accident hazards based on the improved Apriori algorithm
    WANG Ning, CHANG Ximing, YANG Xin, WU Jianjun
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  67-74.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.009
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    The causes of railway accidents are difficult to determine as several hazards can lead to accidents. To prevent the occurrence of railway accidents, the hazards responsible for railway accidents should be analyzed, and the occurrence rules of previous railway accidents should be revealed. In this study,data mining analysis on railway accidents and hazards was conducted using the improved Apriori algorithm.Considering the severity of accident casualties, a new calculation method for support and confidence indicators was proposed to weigh and quantify railway accident factors.Furthermore, time constraints were added to explore association rules of hazards with corresponding railway accidents at different times. Using the actual UK railway accident data, the association rules between railway accidents and hazards were discovered, and effective preventive measures were formulated for actual cases. Results show that the improved Apriori algorithm can explore more association rules between railway accidents and hazards, which can play an important role in preventing railway accidents.

    Short-term prediction of urban railtransit passenger flow based on the Sparrow Search Algorithm-Long Short Term Memory combination model
    JIANG Jiawei, ZHAO Jinbao, LIU Wenjing, XU Yuejuan, LI Mingxing
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  75-84.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.010
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    With the rapid growth of China's economy and the continuous urbanization, rail transit plays an increasingly important role in residents' travel. As a key factor affecting the operation efficiency and service level of urban rail transit,accurate passenger flow prediction has attracted increasing attention from operation managers and researchers. To improve the prediction accuracy of the urban rail transit passenger flow, this paper combines sparrow search algorithm (SSA) and long short-term memory network (LSTM) and proposed a SSA-LSTM combined model. Based on the passenger flow data obtained from four stations of Hangzhou Metro Line 1 and the selected factors affecting the rail transit passenger flow, we used the proposed SSA-LSTM model to predict the short-term passenger flow of relevant stations. Then, we compared the predicted results with those estimated by the LSTM, GA-LSTM, and PSO-LSTM models. Results show that the prediction accuracy of the proposed model is 16.0%, 8.8%, and 2.3%, higher than the aforementioned models, respectively; furthermore, the proposed method exhibited better performance in terms of the root mean square error. Thus, the proposed model has potential applicationin predicting the urban rail transit passenger flow. Moreover, it can assistoperation managers in improving the operation efficiency and service level of urban rail transit.

    Train control method for high-speed railways combining“hit-hard-wall” and “hit-soft-wall” control modes
    LI Wei, ZHANG Shoushuai
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  85-92.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.011
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    The passing capacity of several busy high-speed railway lines in China is declining, and reducing train headway can considerably improve train density.However, optimizing the control method for train control systems is important to reduce the headway. On one hand, the commonly employed “hit-hard-wall” control mode has redundancies, rendering it inefficient. On the other hand,the “hit-soft-wall” control mode cannot ensure the absolute safety of train operation. Therefore, this paper proposes a combined“hit-hard-wall” and “hit-soft-wall” control mode, which reduces train tracking interval while ensuring the absolute safety of the train. Further, basic principles for optimizing this control mode are presented herein.In addition, solutions for problems such as the inability to determine the speed of the preceding train and to fulfill control curve constraints under this mode are explored.The solutions include track circuit information-based train speed estimation and control curve generation techniques that satisfy relevant constraints. Considering the CRH380BL train as an example, a solution was developed to obtain recommended values for train control deceleration.Consequently, the train tracking interval on straight tracks was reduced by 3035 meters, and the interval tracking time was reduced by 31 seconds through the proposed control mode. This is of great significance for improving the operational efficiency and passing capacity of high-speed railway lines.

    Research on differentiated toll pricing for highways based on bi-level programming
    CHENG Sijie, SHAO Xiaoming, LI Zhen, WANG Jiangfeng
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  93-101.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.012
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    To improve the utilization of highway resources and the traffic situation in parallel national and provincial roads, in this study, the interests of highway operators and users was comprehensively accounted; a differentiated toll pricing model with the upper-level objective of increasing highway operating revenues and the lower-level objective of achieving multiclass stochastic traffic network equilibrium was established; and a model incorporating the genetic algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm, and iterative weighting method was developed. Based on the analysis of the traffic characteristics of the Longqing highway and its parallel national and provincial roads in the Shandong Province, the proposed model was used to develop differential toll schemes for entrance and exit sections, time periods, and vehicle types on the highway. The results show that the optimal differentiated tolling schemes can increase the operating revenue of the Longqing highway in the north-south direction by 7861900 yuan/year and reduce the travel cost of the road network by 7 165 100 yuan/year, which confirms the practicality of the proposed model and the effectiveness of the multimode differentiated tolling schemes for highways.

    Environment and Ecology
    Research progress of green scale inhibitors for circulating cooling water
    HE Zhenbo, ZHANG Li, GAO Mingxin, LUAN Lingyu
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  102-120.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.013
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    Recently, circulating cooling water systems have been widely used to alleviate water shortage.However, cooling water usually contains various mineral ions,such as calcium and magnesium, which can easily form insoluble salts and scale on the surface of the equipment. The use of scale inhibitors in cooling water systems is one of the most effective methods to solve the scaling problem. In this paper, the recent research progress on green scale inhibitors at home and abroad was reviewed. The development and applications of green scale inhibitors were introduced here. The characteristics and scale inhibition performance of different types of scale inhibitors are also analyzed.Moreover,the scale inhibition mechanism was explained from different aspects,such as chelation and solubilization, coagulation and dispersion, and lattice distortion.Therefore,this review would provide an excellent reference for future research and development of green scale inhibitors.

    A forecast model of air negative oxygenion in mountainous area of Henan Province
    LIU Yuzhu, ZHANG Wei
    Shandong Science. 2023, 36(5):  121-128.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.05.014
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    Using the monitoring data of 34 air negative oxygenion stations and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer vegetation index product data of 13 counties in the western and southern mountainous areas of Henan Province, correlation analysis and random forest regression model were used to analyze the main meteorological and environmental factors affecting the concentration of negative oxygenion in these areas to establish a negative oxygenion concentration forecasting model. Results showed that temperature and relative humidity were the main meteorological factors affecting the diurnal variation of negative oxygenion concentration, concentration of PM2.5, PM10 and vegetation coverage were the main environmental factors.By establishing the negative oxygen ion concentration forecasting model, the quantification of negative oxygen ion prediction was realized. This study provides reference for regional air quality evaluation.