In response to the severe incidence and management challenges of strawberry anthracnose, this study targeted Colletotrichum siamense, the pathogen responsible for the disease.We used dual culture and sealed-plate assays to screen for the effective biocontrol Trichoderma strain HB 23422, which exhibited strong antagonistic activity against strawberry anthracnose,and was identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular biology as Trichoderma asperellum. On PDA plates, HB 23422 exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on Colletotrichum siamense CM9, with an inhibition rate of more than 74.55%. Vitro leaf experiments and pot experiments showed that the spore suspension of this strain could effectively reduce the incidence of strawberry anthracnose. The strain HB 23422 grows rapidly, produces abundant spores, and has excellent disease control efficacy, indicating its potential for development as microbial pesticide for environment friendly control of strawberry anthracnose.

To improve the total antioxidant activity of fermented Morchella, single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were used to optimize the composition and culture conditions of the fermentation medium. In the single-factor experiments, the concentrations of sucrose, yeast powder,(NH₄)₂SO₄, KH₂PO₄, and MgSO₄·7H₂O, as well as pH value in the fermentation medium were changed, to screen for optimal conditions based on the total antioxidant value of the fermentation broth. Then, based on the results of the single-factor experiments, three main influencing factors were selected for the Box-Behnken response surface design, and variance analysis and regression analysis were carried out using Design-Expert software. The results showed that the optimal composition of the medium was: yeast extract 4.3 g/L, sucrose 32 g/L, MgSO₄·7H₂O 1.5 g/L, KH₂PO₄ 1.4 g/L, (NH₄)₂SO₄ 2.5 g/L, and a pH of 6. These conditions significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of the fermentation broth and were cost-effective. The findings of this study provide theoretical and practical guidance for the Morchella fermentation industry, help to improve the quality and antioxidant performance of Morchella fermentation products, and further promote the applications of Morchella in health supplements, cosmetics, and other fields.

Southern blight is a key disease that harms the growth of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. To identify the pathogenic fungi that cause southern blight in H. cordata, tissue isolation was conducted on H. cordata samples infected with southern blight from Dangyang, Hubei province, China. Furthermore, screening was conducted to determine the morphology and molecular biology of the infected plant, and the isolated pathogens were screened against the antagonist Trichoderma. The results identified Athelia rolfsii as isolated pathogenic fungi. Three Trichoderma strains with fungal inhibition rate greater than 95% were screened through a plate confrontation assay. Among them, Trichoderma asperellum QT21918 exhibited the effects of hyphal hyperparasitism and fungal lysis on A. rolfsii and its inhibitory rates for volatile and nonvolatile metabolites were 38.21% and 50.54%, respectively. In vitro leaf tests demonstrated that this strain had a fungal inhibitory rate of 67.7% against the spread of the lesions associated with southern blight disease. A pot-based experiment showed that optimal control effect was achieved by simultaneously inoculating T. asperellum QT 21918 and the pathogen as well as by first inoculating T. asperellum QT21918 for 7 days and then inoculating the pathogen, both methods achieving a control effect of 100%. The above results indicate that T. asperellum QT21918 has potential as a biocontrol agent against southern blight in H. cordata.

Ginger root rot is a soil-borne disease in ginger planting, which is mainly caused by Fusarium spp. and can induce serious reduction or even extinction of ginger yield. Thirty-four Trichoderma strains with antifungal activity were isolated from the soil collected from representative ginger planting areas in Shandong province. Based on their antibiotic properties, antagonistic coefficients, and spore production capabilities, three highly effective Trichoderma strains were selected for their antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi (Foz): TW20111, TW20321, and TW20323. Morphological observations and molecular biological identifications classified strain TW20111 as Trichoderma atroviride and strains TW20321 and TW20323 as Trichoderma harzianum. The efficacy of these three Trichoderma strains in controlling ginger root rot was assessed under greenhouse and field conditions. Under greenhouse conditions, T. harzianum TW20321 showed the highest control efficacy of 86.33%, significantly promoted ginger plant height, and moderately increased ginger yield compared to carbendazim treatment. Field experiments revealed that the control efficacy of any two combined Trichoderma strains was significantly higher than that of a single strain, with the combination of TW20111 and TW20321 achieving the highest control efficacy of 68.90%. This combination also resulted in the greatest increases in plant height and single plant yield, which rose by 19.31% and 27.43%, respectively, compared to the control group.This study provided a basis for the development of new bio-pesticides for the effective control of ginger root rot.

In order to explore effective biological control resources for the cultivation of American ginseng, identification of pathogen species and screening of highly effective biocontrol Trichoderma were carried out for the root rot of American ginseng in Weihai. Through tissue isolation, morphological analysis, and dual-gene (ITS/TEF1-α) phylogenetic analysis, the pathogens responsible for root rot were isolated and identified. The pathogenicity was confirmed using Koch's postulates, and the abundance of key pathogens in the rhizosphere soils of diseased and healthy plants was analyzed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Finally, biocontrol Trichoderma strains were screened through plate antagonism assays and pot experiments. The results showed that 125 fungal strains were isolated from the rotten roots of American ginseng, with Fusarium being the dominant genus, accounting for 70.91%. Four pathogenic strains were identified: F. solani (XYS-1), F. oxysporum (XYS-2), F. proliferatum (XYS-33), and Alternaria alternata (XYS-44). qPCR analysis revealed that the abundance of F. solani, F. oxysporum, and A. alternata in the rhizosphere soils of diseased plants was 42.35%, 13.80%, and 33.44% higher, respectively, than healthy plants. Three Trichoderma strains showed significant inhibitory effects against these pathogens. Specifically, strain HB20111 inhibited F. solani by 66.94%, strain KZ23651 inhibited F. oxysporum by 76.00%, and strain QT20747 inhibited A. alternata by 65.20%. Greenhouse pot experiments showed that Trichoderma inoculation increased plant height, root fresh weight, chlorophyll content in the leaf, and root activity of American ginseng while reducing the incidence of root rot. In this study, we identified the pathogens causing the root rot of American ginseng in Weihai and screened biocontrol Trichoderma strains, which provided a foundation for sustainable control of the root rot of American ginseng in this region.

To enhance the microalgae lipid content, Chlorella sp. was subjected to ultrasonic mutagenesis. Mutagenesis was performed for 20 minutes under conditions of 40 kHz and 100 W, resulting in the cultivation of 10 mutant strains (M1-M10). Further screening led to the selection of three stable high-lipid-producing strains, namely M2, M5, and M7. These strains were analyzed to determine their biomass concentration and lipid, chlorophyll, and protein mass concentration and percentage. The results indicated that the biomass mass concentrations of M2, M5, and M7 were 0.384, 0.379, and 0.443 g/L, respectively. The lipid yields of M2, M5, and M7 were 14.70, 13.34, and 25.11 mg/L, respectively, all of which were higher than that of the wild type (WT) strain, which had a recorded yield of 9.38 mg/L.Compared to the WT, the chlorophyll yield of the mutant strains increased by 14.41%, 3.01%, and 10.24%, respectively, while the protein content of the mutant strains increased by 7.30%, 10.52%, and 13.66%, respectively. This study is of great significance to the industrialized production of biodiesel.

Craft beer has become a focus of attention for beer companies in recent years due to its unique flavor and mouthfeel, characterized by high malt concentration, alcohol content, and strong hop bitterness. Osmanthus, known for its pleasant and rich aroma, contains a large amount of active and healthy ingredients. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the difference in the quality of different Osmanthus content in craft beer. The process formulation of Osmanthus-infused craft beer is determined through the detection of physicochemical indicators, analysis of volatile components, and sensory evaluation. The experimental results show that the amount of Osmanthus added is positively correlated with the physicochemical indicators of craft beer, such as alcohol content, concentration, and acidity, while it is inversely proportional to fermentation. The volatile components of Osmanthus-infused craft beer are mainly alcohols and esters, contributing to a rich and intense aroma. Craft beer infused with 0.6% Osmanthus exhibits abundant and delicate foam, a refreshing and pure taste, a harmonious body, and no off-flavors or odors, presenting the typical aroma of Osmanthus.

Using livestock and poultry manure as the main raw material and corn straw bran as the conditioner, organic fertilizer (OF) and bio-organic fertilizer (BOF) products were produced by biological nano-composite molecular film static composting, and all products were in line with standards of NY 884—2021. Five parallel tomato cultivation experiments were designed, namely, CK (no fertilizer), CF(100% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, 400 kg/hm²), COF(80% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer+20%OF 3 000 kg/hm²), CBO(80% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer+20%BOF 3 000 kg/hm²), and COB (70% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer+20%OF 2 000 kg/hm²+10%BOF 1 000 kg/hm²). After the experiment, the nutrient contents of soil, organic matter, total nitrogen, and available potassium, as well as fruit quality indicators such as soluble sugar and vitamin C content were measured. The results showed that the application of organic fertilizer could relatively increase the available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil, and reducing chemical fertilizer application by 20% to 30% had little effect on tomato yield. Compared to the single application of chemical fertilizer, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could significantly improve fruit quality, such as increasing soluble sugar and vitamin C content while effectively reducing the content of titratable acid and nitrate (p<0.05). Through the analysis of the main component of the impact of soil physicochemical indicators on the soil layer, it was found that the impact of each fertilization method on the soil physicochemical indicators was ranked as follows: CBO, COB, COF, CK, and CF. The correlation between six physicochemical indicators in the soil layer and tomato quality was analyzed by redundancy analysis and it was found that all six physicochemical indicators in the soil layer were significantly correlated with tomato quality (p<0.05).

To investigate the diversity of microbial communities and to obtain culturable strains from healthy and rusty root-rot rhizosphere soil samples of Panax quinquefolius L., it is necessary to provide a reference for the occurrence mechanism and prevention and control strategies for rusty root-rot. Traditional isolation and high-throughput sequencing were used for analyzing the healthy and rusty root-rot soil samples of Panax quinquefolius L. to explore their structural composition and diversity. In total, 24 strains of bacteria and 25 strains of fungi were isolated using the traditional isolation techniques, and the dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Penicillium. The results of Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing revealed that Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria dominated the bacterial communities in the healthy and rusty root-rot soil samples. Notably, the phylum proportions of Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Tenericutes in the rusty root-rot soil samples significantly decreased, whereas those of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria significantly increased. Furthermore, the bacterial diversity of the infected rusty root-rot rhizosphere soil decreased significantly. In conclusion, the composition and quantity of soil microbial communities were significantly different between the healthy and rusty root-rot soil samples, and this provides a theoretical basis for the study of the occurrence mechanism and prevention and control strategies for rusty root-rot Panax quinquefolium L.

Because of low temperatures in northern China during winter, straw with low decomposition efficiency is directly returned to the field, making pathogen accumulation easy. To promote in-situ decomposition of straw and reduce the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria, a strain of Trichoderma, C47-3, which degrades straw at a low temperature, was obtained through low temperature culture combined with cellulase, hemicellulase, and laccase activity screening. The strain was inoculated in straw liquid medium, and the straw degradation rate was 22.28% after 15 days of cultivation at 15 ℃. Morphological observation and molecular biology analysis revealed that the strain was Trichoderma paratroviride. The Trichoderma strain C47-3 and its volatile substances inhibited the growth of eight pathogens, including Botryosphaeria dothidea, Rhizoctonia cerealis, and Botrytis cinerea, and the inhibition rate of Fusarium pseudograminearum was greater than 60%. The screened Trichoderma strain C47-3 can improve straw decomposition efficiency at low temperatures and has biocontrol potential, providing strain resources for the efficient utilization of corn straw after returning to the field in winter and the biological control of soil-borne diseases in northern China.

This study aims to label the biocontrol agent Burkholderia vietnamiensis B418 with the red fluorescent protein DsRed and investigate the functional stability of the labeled strain. The recombinant plasmid pGEX-4T-1-DsRed containing the DsRed gene was transformed into B418 by the aminoclay-mediated transformation system. Germicul ture, subculture, and dual-culture techniques were used to determine the functional stability of the labeled strain B418-Ds Red.The growth curve and morphological characteristics of the strain B418-DsRed after aminoclay transformation were essentially the same as the wild strain B418. After ten generations of subculturing, bright red fluorescence could still be observed under a confocal microscope and the DsRed gene could be detected by polymerase chain reaction, after plasmid extraction from the strain B418-DsRed, which showed its good genetic stability. Dual-culture confrontation assay revealed that the inhibition rates of the strain B418-DsRed against Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae were 55.25% and 67.55%, respectively, with no significant difference when compared to the wild strain B418. It was indicated that the introduction of a foreign plasmid showed no impact on their antifungal activity. Results demonstrated that the red fluorescent protein labeling of the strain B418 was successfully achieved by an aminoclay-mediated transformation system and the labeled strain B418-DsRed with stable function could be used in the future for the colonization of the strain B418 and interaction with pathogens in the plant rhizosphere.

The diversity of fungal communities is an important evaluation indicator for the environmental quality and health of cultivated soil. In this study, four vegetable (onion,ginger,strawberry,cucumber) soils were investigated to analyze the physical and chemical properties as well as the composition and diversity of fungal communities via Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and high-throughput sequencing.The results showed that the fungal abundance inonion soil was the lowest and significantly different from that in the other three crops (strawberry,cucumber,ginger;P< 0.05).The Shannon index and OTUs of the onion and ginger soil were high, indicating higher fungal diversity,whereas the Shannon index and OTUs of cucumber and strawberry were low, indicating lower diversity. The relative abundances of Ascomycota,Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota were higher, with the relative abundance of Ascomycota being especially high in diseased soil. Soil fungal communities were affected by environmental factors, with pH and available phosphorus having the greatest influence.These results provided a theoretical basis for clarifying the relationship between the diversity of fungal communities and the quality of vegetable soil,which helped in improving the ecological quality of vegetable soil.

The effects of different pH, medium, carbon source, nitrogen source, and C/N ratios on the colony growth and spore yield of two salt-tolerant Trichoderma strains, Trichoderma atroviride TW320 and Trichoderma. koningiopsis TW1876, were studied in order to optimize the growth and spore production conditions of the two strains. The results showed that the salt-tolerant T. atroviride TW320 could grow and produce spores on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium with a pH of 4 to 11, and the optimum pH for mycelial growth and spore production was 5. On soybean corn flour medium, TW320 grew the fastest and produced the most spores. The best carbon source for TW320 mycelial growth and sporulation was xyaccharide, respectively, and the best nitrogen source for TW320 was yeast extract. When the C/N ratio is 12:1, TW320 produces the most spores. The optimum pH for mycelial growth and sporulation of T. koningiopsis TW1876 was 11, and the optimal medium was PDA. TW1876 has the highest sporulation capacity, with lactose being the best carbon source, glycine being the best nitrogen source, and the C/N ratio being 9:1.

To explore the measures for safely producing leafy vegetables and remediation effects of Brassica chinensis in continuous cropping obstacles soil, the greenhouse plot experiment was conducted in this study using soil with conditioner combined with Trichoderma LTR-2, taking soil pH, soil conductivity, disease control efficiency, and yield increase rate as evaluation indexes. According to the results of soil nutrient content, the experiment of fertilizer reduction. The results showed that the soil pH increased from 4.50 to 6.95 and soil conductivity decreased from 675.10 to 519.70 μS/cm after treatment with a 7 500 kg/hm² conditioner. Compared with before fertilization, soil pH decreased and soil conductivity increased in B (conditioner + organic fertilizerⅠ+ compound fertilizer) and C (conditioner + organic fertilizerⅠ+ LTR-2 + compound fertilizer) treatment groups after fertilization. After one stubble of planting, pH value decreased from 6.43 and 6.57 to 6.06 and 6.26, respectively, and soil conductivity decreased from 1 011.43 and 959.47 μS/cmto 955.70 and 863.43 μS/cm, respectively. Compared with the conventional treatment group A (organic fertilizerⅡ+ compound fertilizer), there were significant differences in soil pH and soil conductivity in B and C treatment groups before and after Brassica chinensis vegetated. The control effects of root rot were 65.39% and 80.77%, and the yield increase rates were 27.48% and 33.59% in treatment groups B and C, respectively. The available nutrients of A, B, and C had different excess accumulations in the soil. Compared with conventional treatment A' (organic fertilizer III + compound fertilizer), under 66.67% compound fertilizer reduction, the yield increase rate of treatment group D' (organic fertilizerⅠ+ LTR-2 + 1/3 compound fertilizer) was 9.31%.

To explore the effect of Trichoderma harzianum LTR-2 on wheat grain quality and provide a practical method for improving wheat quality, parameters such as thousand seed weight as well as amino acid, protein, and wet gluten contents of winter wheat grains (cultivar Jimai 44) were analyzed after spraying different concentrations of T. harzianum LTR-2 suspension at the booting stage. The results demonstrate that the analyzed parameters had improved compared with the controls at the booting stage. The aforementioned results indicated that spraying of T. harzianum LTR-2 at the booting stage could improve the yield of wheat as well as nutritional and processing quality of wheat grain.