Table of Content

20 April 2022 Volume 35 Issue 2

  

Oceanographic Science,Technology and Equipment

Extracting inland cage aquacultural areas from high-resolution remote sensing images using fully convolutional networks model

LI Lian-wei,ZHANG Yuan-yu,YUE Zeng-you,XUE Cun-jin,FU Yu-xuan,XU Yang-feng

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  1-10.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.001

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The extraction of cage aquacultural areas was investigated using high-resolution GF-1 and GF-2 remote sensing images from northern Fujian Province. Image enhancement was performed by correction, fusion, and cropping. The sample database of inland cage culture areas of two kinds of images was constructed; The sample bank is used to train the in-depth learning fully convolutional networks (FCN) model extracted from inland cage culture area and verify the accuracy. The results of the test experiment show that the F-measure of GF-1 and GF-2 reaches 83.37% and 92.56%,respectively. It shows that the inland cage culture area extraction based on FCN has high accuracy, and can be used for large-scale inland cage acquaculture area extraction, which provides an important basis for the monitoring of inland aquaculture area.

Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Active Products

Analysis of the cloning and transcriptional activity of U6 promoter from Lonicera japonica

TANG Zhi-qiang,LI Xiao-li,XU Xiao-han,PU Gao-bin

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  11-17.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.002

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U6 promoter is an important element that drives sgRNA transcription in the construction of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. In this study, three types of U6 promoters were cloned from Huajin 6 Lonicera japonica using polymerase chain reaction(PCR), and five promoters of different lengths were constructed to drive the GUS expression vector. CaMV35S was used in a positive control experiment, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used in a negative control experiment. Tobacco protoplasts were transfected through the transient transformation method using A. tumefaciens. After GUS staining, the quantity and efficiency of protoplasts were observed under a microscope. The staining results revealed that the highly efficient transcription promoter Chr01 U6-F1 was screened successfully, which laid a foundation for the gene editing of Lonicera japonica in the later stage.

Preparation of certified reference material of Ginkgolides C

NING Fan-sheng,LU Yan-xiang,CAO Gui-yun,MENG Zhao-qing,Yan Hui-jiao,Wang Dai-jie

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  18-28.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.003

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To develop a national certified reference material (CRM) of Ginkgolide C according to the technical requirements of Directives for the work of reference materials - Reference materials - General and statistical principles for certification, Ginkgolide C was purified and obtained using silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography technology, and preparative liquid chromatography from dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. The structure was confirmed by UV, IR, HR-MS, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR. The identification of thin-layer chromatography was performed, and the LC-MS technique was established. Homogeneity test, stability test, and certification analysis were conducted. Results show that the samples were stable under the storage condition of 0~4 ℃ for 2 years; the certification analysis result confirms that its purity is (99.85±0.06)%. The developed Ginkgolide C meets the technical requirements of national certified reference material per GB/T 15000.3—2008, which can be used for content determination, quality control, and detection method evaluation of Ginkgolide C and related products.

Pharmacology and Toxicology

Preparation of JQ1/paclitaxel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles

LIU Qian,WANG Mu-fang,HOU Zhe,WANG Shao-hong,WANG Shen-xing,WANG Peng,LIU Zhi-xuan,ZHAO Jing,HAO Ji-fu

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  29-35.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.004

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This study aimed to prepare JQ1/paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded poly(lactic-co-gly-colic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and evaluate their effect on the expression of PD-L1 on melanoma cells. The JQ1/PTX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared using the emulsion solvent evaporation method, and their physicochemical properties, such as particle size and morphology were determined. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the JQ1/PTX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were investigated in rats after administering the rats with a tail vein injection of the nanoparticles. The effect of the nanoparticles on the expression of PD-L1 on B16 melanoma cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. The results showed that the mean particle size of the prepared nanoparticles was about 210 nm and that they appeared smooth and spherical in shape. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of PTX and JQ1 determined using a two-compartment model after administering a single intravenous injection of the nanoparticles to the rats were as follows: the half-life of the distribution phase was 0.142 8 h and 0.169 9 h; half-life of the elimination phase was 5.27 and 2.37 h; area under the curve was 8.155 and 3.793(μg·h)/mL; clearance was 122.612 and 131.795 mL/(h·kg); and apparent volume of distribution was 766.07 and 396.25 mL/kg, respectively. Flow cytometry showed that the nanoparticles could reduce the expression of PD-L1 on B16 melanoma cells. Thus, the prepared PLGA nanoparticles can be used as carriers for the co-delivery of PTX and JQ1, which is expected to improve the effect of immunotherapy on tumors.

Molecular mechanism of Notoginseng Radix Et Rhizoma's action against rheumatoid arthritis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

ZHANG Xiao-wen,YING Tian-hao,LIANG Mei-chen,WANG Yan-fang,WANG Xin-lin,ZHANG Lei-ming

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  36-45.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.005

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Network pharmacology and molecular docking methods were used to study the molecular mechanism of Notoginseng Radix Et Rhizoma's action against rheumatoid arthritis. The main active ingredients and related targets of Notoginseng Radix Et Rhizoma were obtained through the Traditional Chinese Medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP). The GeneCards database was used to predict rheumatoid arthritis-related targets, and the Uniprot database was used to standardize protein names and obtain the intersection target of Notoginseng Radix Et Rhizoma and rheumatoid arthritis. The STRING platform was used to analyze protein-protein interactions, and the Metascape platform was used to perform gene ontology (GO) function analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment analysis. Cytoscape 3.7.2 was used to construct the active ingredient-target-signaling pathway interaction network. In addition, the AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 software was used for molecular docking of key targets and components. On screening, 7 core active ingredients of Notoginseng Radix Et Rhizoma and 100 intersection targets for Notoginseng Radix Et Rhizoma and rheumatoid arthritis, e.g., AKT1, IL6, VEGFA, TNF, TP53, JUN, CASP3, and PTGS2 were obtained. GO and KEGG analyses derived 1064 and 102 signaling pathways, respectively; of which, the signaling pathways related to rheumatoid arthritis included AGE-RAGE, MAPK, TNF, IL-17, and HIF-1 signaling pathways. Furthermore, molecular docking results showed that the key targets and components had a good binding activity. Therefore, our results suggest that Notoginseng Radix Et Rhizoma may play a role in preventing rheumatoid arthritis by the regulation of multiple targets and pathways, such as metabolism, signal transduction, and inflammatory pathways.

Analysis of the potential active ingredients of Banxia Houpu Decoction based on network pharmacology and high-resolution mass spectrometry

SHENG Li-song,SU Ming,XIE Ya-xin,ZHANG Xin-jun,PENG Li,XU Zuo-zhi,LIU Shan-xin

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  46-53.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.006

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A systematic pharmacology approach was used to detect the potential targets of Banxia Houpu Decoction, and a molecular docking software was used to virtually screen and score the compounds in the decoction. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to study the composition and ingredients of Banxia Houpu Decoction obtained by different extraction methods. A total of four targets were screened based on the integrated pharmacology of pharmacodynamic components. The substances with a high activity as per the virtual screening score were mainly flavonoids. High-resolution mass spectrometry data showed that the extracts mainly contain flavonoids and triterpenoids. The main action of Banxia Houpu Decoction on inflammation-related and psychoneural-related targets is consistent with its clinical application. The main active ingredients responsible for the drug's effect may be a combination of flavonoids and triterpenoids.

New Materials

Properties comparative analysis of polyimide/polyvinyl alcohol-based humidity-sensitive materials

FENG Jin-lai

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  54-59.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.007

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Humidity is a significant environmental parameter in storage, civil explosives business, and other fields. The performance of humidity-sensitive materials directly determines the quality of sensors. Polyimide and polyvinyl alcohol, the most commonly used humidity-sensing materials in optical fiber humidity sensors, were selected as the research objects. The humidity sensors were fabricated by coating two different humidity-sensitive materials on the surface of the fiber Bragg grating and their sensitivity, response time, and long-term stability were tested and compared. Results show that the linearity of the humidity sensor coated with polyimide is 99.98%, the sensitivity is 5.4 pm/%, the response time is 9.7 min, and the maximum wavelength shift is 5.6 pm. The humidity sensor coated with polyvinyl alcohol has a higher sensitivity in the range of relative humidity 60%~90%, which makes polyvinyl alcohol-based humidity sensors more suitable for humidity measurement in high-humidity environments.

Antifreezing organic hydrogel electrolyte with high mechanical strength and ionic conductivity

WANG Ji-Jun,LÜ Bing-Xi,LIU Li-Bin

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  60-69.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.008

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The poor mechanical properties of hydrogel electrolytes and the freezing of water at low temperatures affect their ionic conductivity, thereby hindering their application in energy storage devices and electronic conductors. In this study, a type of antifreezing organic hydrogel with high mechanical properties and conductivity is fabricated. The electrolyte was synthesized via free-radical polymerization by adding soy protein isolates and using acrylamide and methacrylic ethyl sulfobetaine as monomers in a mixed solution of dimethyl sulfoxide/H₂O in the presence of lithium chloride. The fabricated hydrogel electrolyte exhibits good ionic conductivity (maximum 37.5 mS/cm), good mechanical properties (maximum stress 69 kPa and maximum strain 762.5%), and high toughness and fatigue resistance. Furthermore, the fabricated electrolyte shows a good response under varying strain and temperature conditions with a wide sensing window and good stability. Additionally, supercapacitors based on this electrolyte show good electrochemical performance between 20 ℃ and -20 ℃. In other words, at 20 ℃, the capacitances of the supercapacitor are 62.1 and 30 F/g at current densities of 0.2 and 5 A/g respectively, while at -20 ℃, the capacitance can maintain 59% of the value obtained at 20 ℃. Moreover, the supercapacitor can maintain 92% of the capacitance after 10 000 cycles, showing good cyclic stability.

Optical Fiber and Photonic Sensing Technology

High-performance coil backplane for electromagnetic ultrasonic sensor and its optimization design

CHEN Jian-wei,LIU Shuai,MA Jian,GUO Rui,SONG Jiang-feng,BAI Xue,ZOU Long-sen,SU Yi-fan

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  70-78.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.009

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To improve the energy conversion efficiency of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs), the coil backplane of the EMAT is optimized. First, the influence of the coil backplane thickness on ultrasonic signals is evaluated via experimental research. Then, the carbonyl iron powder plate is selected as the coil backplane and its influence on the magnetic field of the sensor working area is analyzed via finite element simulation. Finally, the performance of EMATs before and after optimization is compared using experiments. Results show that the optimal thickness of the coil backplane is 1.5~2.0 mm. Moreover, the use of the carbonyl iron powder plate with the same size as the coil working area of the coil backplane can improve the transduction efficiency of EMATs. Compared with the sensors that use nonmagnetic materials as coil backplanes, the SNR of the optimized sensors doubled and the working lift-off distance increased 1 mm, respectively.

Traffic and Transportation

Extended cellular automata model for bicycle flow considering group and retrograde behaviors

RUI Ying-xu,TANG Tie-qiao

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  79-88.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.010

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Group and retrograde behaviors are two common bicycle riding that generally induce some local self-organization phenomena and reduce traffic efficiency. Herein, an extended cellular aulomata model that considers group and retrograde behaviors is proposed to explore the impacts of the two behaviors on the movement mechanism and traffic characteristics of bicycle flow. Simulation experiments are performed to investigate the impacts of shoulder/following group behavior and retrograde behavior on bicycle flow. Simulation results show that a mixture of shoulder group behavior and retrograde behavior will reduce the traffic capacity, increase the travel time, and decrease the average riding speed. Alternatively, a mixture of following group behavior and retrograde behavior decrease only the average speed and cause a slight oscillation in bicycle flow. These aforementioned negative impacts are related to various factors: group size, group proportion, retrograde proportion, and average bicycle arrival rate. The findings of this study can facilitate improved bicycle flow management (particularly in the case of retrograde behavior).

A test method for self-driving vehicle based on mixed reality

CHE Xiao-bo,LI Chao,ZHANG Zi-hui

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  89-95.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.011

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In this work, focusing on self-driving vehicle safety testing in a complex environment, a mixed-reality-based self-driving vehicle testing method is proposed. This method maps the virtual scene in the simulation environment to the real test environment. Then, performance indexes such as intelligent perception and the behavioral decision of the self-driving test vehicle are rapidly estimated using a sensor and data fusion to establish a closed-loop test system. This system involves the mixed-reality test scene, control center, and test vehicle. Finally, based on the verification of a case study, the proposed method is found to meet the test requirements of self-driving vehicles in various scenarios.

Optimization of shunting operation plan of electrical multiple unit depots

FAN Xian,XU Xiao-ming,QIAN Cheng

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  96-105.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.012

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With increasing maintenance tasks in electric multiple unit (EMU) depots, shunting operation plans are becoming increasingly complex. The automation of shunting plan preparation is crucial for enhancing the maintenance ability of EMU depots. This study aims to minimize the total maintenance time of EMU trains and construct an optimization model that considers the occupancy conflict of the operation tracks in EMU depots. A heuristic algorithm comprising the greedy algorithm combined with neighborhood search is proposed to solve the automation of shunting plan quickly. Finally, a computational study is designed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Results show that for five cases with an EMU size of 15 each, the average Gap value is 0.87% and the optimal solution is directly obtained in three cases. In five cases with an EMU size of 20 each, the average value of the neighborhood search improvement is 1.35%.

Coordinated control of urban expressway off-ramp and adjacent intersection

LIU Zheng,LIU Su-fang,LI Xin-gang

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  106-114.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.013

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Urban traffic travel demand is dynamic, and there is a strong correlation between the off-ramp of an urban expressway and its downstream adjacent intersection. When the capacity of the intersection is low and the distance between the off-ramp and adjacent intersection is not set reasonably, queues at the intersection can easily propagate to the upstream off-ramp and affect expressway traffic flow.In this paper, the coordinated signal control of the off-ramp and adjacent intersection of urban expressway is studied under different traffic demand, distances between off-ramp and adjacent intersection using parallel microscopic traffic simulation software Paramics. And the effects of both signal control and phase offsets of the off-ramp on traffic volumes and travel time are analyzed.Simulation results show that the coordinated signal control of the off-ramp and adjacent intersection can improve traffic volumes and reduce travel time.

Analysis of traffic accident characteristics and safety evaluation of urban expressways

SHAN Ya-nan,LI Shu-bin,LIN Zhao-feng

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  115-123.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.014

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By analyzing the statistical data of traffic accidents on expressways in Jinan, this paper explores the characteristics of traffic accidents on expressways in cities from the perspectives of time and space distribution, accident types, and causes. By extracting the vehicle type ratio data and traffic flow data within 5 minutes before an accident and analyzing the regular characteristics between them and traffic accidents, an accident risk safety evaluation table based on the color scale is constructed and the critical flow of accidents is calculated according to the probability and statistical model. Finally, the accident risk safety evaluation model of an expressway is constructed based on the above data analysis. Data fitting results show that the traffic flow operation safety risk of an expressway can be evaluated in real time according to the current traffic flow and vehicle type ratio, and forewarning regarding probable accidents can be provided by regulating the current traffic flow. Based on the patterns and characteristics of expressway traffic accidents, this paper proposes measures for accident prevention and safety management to prevent accidents and improve the safety level of expressway operation.

Other Research Articles

Multi-body entanglement characteristics of atomic ensemble under quadratic interaction evolution

WANG Ya-ni, WANG Ming-feng

Shandong Science. 2022, 35(2):  124-130.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2022.02.015

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In this paper, the average quantum Fisher information was used to measure the entanglement characteristics of the system under the quadratic interaction. In addition, we considered the characteristics of the multi-body entanglement evolution of the system after adding the linear interaction term. The results showed that the multi-body entanglement of the spin system remains longer under the combined action of linear and nonlinear interactions. Moreover, we considered the entanglement process of the system under the influence of noise and found that the atomic system has a high degree of entanglement even in the presence of noise. This is extremely important for the application of quantum multi-body entanglement in quantum precision measurements and quantum communications.