Table of Content

20 August 2019 Volume 32 Issue 4

  

Traditional Chinese medicine and natural active products

HPLC fingerprint chromatogram of aqueous extract of Semen Armeniacae Amarae from various habitats and its decoctions

HU Xiang-hao, LI Ya-nan, SUN Zhi-qiang, GAO Peng, DAI Long

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  1-7.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.001

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A fingerprint chromatogram of the aqueous extract of Semen Armeniacae Amarae (bitter almond) was established using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and a reference was provided for the quality control of Semen Armeniacae Amarae by comparing the fingerprint chromatograms between raw and blanched almonds. A Kinetex C18(2.6 μm, 100 mm×4.6 mm) column was used, and the gradient elution was performed with acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.6 mL·min-1, detection wavelength 210 nm, column temperature 20 ℃, and injection volume 10 μL. There were 7 common peaks in 15 batches of Semen Armeniacae Amarae from various habitats, and the sum of the peak areas was more than 90% of the total peak area. Additionally, the medicinal materials of the examined samples were compared in terms of similarity, and the HPLC fingerprint chromatogram method of the aqueous extract of Semen Armeniacae Amarae was established. After comparing the fingerprint chromatogram between raw and blanched almonds, we found that there were no peaks 1, 3, and 7 in the latter, and the content of amygdalin in blanched almonds was significantly higher than that in raw almonds. The fingerprint chromatogram method established in this study is feasible and can provide a reference for the quality control of Semen Armeniacae Amarae medicine and preparation of compounds containing Semen Armeniacae Amarae.

Optimization of the extraction process for Fructus Ligustri Lucidi using orthogonal experimental design

GAO Shuang, WANG Yu-zhen, BO Fu-min, ZHANG Li, SUN Yue, YANG Shan-jing, LI Ling-jun

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  8-15.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.002

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Based on the extraction and transfer rates of specnuezhenide,oleanolic acid,and ursolic acid as indicators,the best extraction process for Fructus Ligustri Lucidi was deduced and optimized using single-factor investigation and an orthogonal experimental design.Results revealed that the optimum extraction process involved the use of eight-fold 60% ethanol,3-fold extraction,and 3-hour duration per round of extraction.The transfer rates of specnuezhenide,oleanolic acid,and ursolic acid were 75.42%,93.86%,and 99.83% respectively.The optimized extraction process features desirable extraction effects and a simple procedure,which can be efficiently used for industrial production.

Mass transfer of Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae medicinal herb and standard decoction of medicinal slices

WU Ming-ze, LIU Guo-fei, Wang Xiao, Li Ting, Wang Chang-lin, Gao Peng, Dai Long

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  16-23.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.003

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High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint spectra were created for 15 batches of Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae medicinal herb and standard decoctions of medicinal slices.Acetonitrile and 0.1% acetic acid were used as the mobile phase,and 254 nm was maintained as the detection wavelength.Simultaneously,in combination with content determination and extract yielding rate,mass transfer was examined with respect to the medicinal herb and standard decoctions of medicinal slices.The fingerprint spectra of the medicinal herb and the standard decoctions of medicinal slices shared high similarity with the respective control spectra.With gentiopicroside as the reference peak,five common peaks were confirmed and five chromatographic peaks were identified.The average extract yielding rate of the 15 batches of both the medicinal herb and the standard decoctions of medicinal slices was 20.43% and 19.71%,respectively.The average transfer rate of gentiopicroside and loganic acid from the medicinal herbs to the slices was 80.56% and 80.98% respectively;no discrete data were obtained.The results showed that the quality control and transferability of the herbs and the slices were investigated using the pattern (with overall control over the material group) of combining the fingerprint spectra with extract yielding rate and content determination indicators;this can serve as a reference for research concerning classic prescriptions and traditional Chinese medicine formula granules.

Aesculetin content determination and characteristic HPLC chromatogram of Violae Herba obtained from different habitats

WANG Xiao, LI Yuan-yuan, SUN Zhi-qiang, WU Ming-ze, GAO Peng, DAI Long

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  24-31.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.004

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The aesculetin content of Violae Herba is determined and its characteristic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatogram is established in this study.Aesculetin content was determined by HPLC using the Kinetex OOD-C₁₈ column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm) and acetonitrile–phosphoric acid (0.4%) solution as the mobile phase in gradient elution; the flow rate was set at 1 mL/min and detection wavelength at 350 nm. The results showed that aesculetin, the main chemical constituent of 15 batches of Violae Herba obtained from different habitats, content varied widely. Among all batches, 3 had relatively low aesculetin content. The Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprinting revealed 6 common peaks and 3 chromatographic peaks, and the similarity of the 15 samples was above 0.94. The method established in this study can consistently produce reliable data and provide evidence for the quality determination and control of Violae Herba and wide application of resources.

New Materials

Study on the overall plasma electrolytic oxidation of the AZ31 magnesium and 7075 aluminum connected parts

WANG Mei-fang, SONG Xiao-cun, ZHOU Ji-xue, CHEN Yan-fei, LIU Hong-tao, YANG Yuan-sheng

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  32-37.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.005

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Non-equilibrium plasma reaction can occur because different materials exhibit different properties;this increases the difficulty associated with the preparation of an overall protective coating.The objective of this experiment is to obtain an overall surface-protecting technology for the magnesium-aluminum connected parts.This study prepares an overall ceramic coating on the surface of the AZ31-7075 connected part based on the existing experimental consideration.Furthermore,deep analysis is applied to the specimens after 3,7,and 10 min of treatment.The results denote that the plasma oxidation sequence is related to the physical and chemical activities of different materials.The chemically active metal preferentially undergoes a ceramization reaction,which causes non-equilibrium growth of the ceramic coating.Preparing an overall ceramic coating for AZ31-7075 is of considerable significance to enrich the growth mechanism of the ceramic coating and the imbalanced growth mechanism of the connected parts of dissimilar metals.

Advances in the application of laser cleaning to metal surface treatment

ZHU Guo-dong, WANG Shou-ren, CHENG Wei, WANG Gao-qi, REN Yuan

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  38-45.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.006

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Laser cleaning can effectively eliminate the impurities and oxides on a metal surface and improve the metal surface quality,exhibiting advantages of zero pollution,negligible damage to the substrate,and high cleaning efficiency.In this study,the application of laser cleaning to metal surface depainting and rust removal,tire mold cleaning,micromechanical cleaning,cultural relic protection,oil removal,and nuclear purification is reviewed.The main problems associated with this field are that the laser cleaning mechanism is not perfect and that the relation between the cleaning and damage thresholds is unclear for different materials.In the future,the cleaning mechanism of different materials should be improved,and the cleaning threshold should be clearly defined to achieve precise and efficient cleaning.

Tranfic and Transportation

Lane-changing strategy based on inter-vehicle communication

WEN Yong-qi, XIE Dong-fan, WANG Xiang, ZHOU Hao

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  46-55.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.007

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A considerable interference is associated with the lane-changing behavior in a traffic system that can significantly restrict the smooth and efficient operation of the traffic system.Therefore,a two-stage vehicle lane-changing model is developed based on inter-vehicle communication to solve this issue.Herein,the lane-changing behavior of vehicles in real-time traffic is analyzed based on the NGSIM data,and the two-stage vehicle lane-changing model is presented.The first stage of the model considers six factors that affect the lane-changing behavior,and a binary logit model is considered to estimate the lane-changing probability;the second stage uses safety conditions to determine whether the vehicle lane-changing model is implemented.Further,accurate real-time traffic status information is obtained from the first stage of the vehicle lane-changing model for the connected vehicles,and a corresponding lane-changing strategy is developed.The effects of different lane-changing strategies on the traffic flow are analyzed using numerical simulations.The results denote that the lane-changing model based on inter-vehicle communication considers the speed and position information of a large number of vehicles in the current and target lanes.The utility function causes the vehicle’s lane-changing behavior to consider the average speed and average distance in an extensive range and is not limited to the local utility of the traffic conditions in the nearest neighbors.Therefore,the lane-changing strategy based on inter-vehicle communication considerably inhibits the frequency of the lane-changing behaviors and the generated interference,promoting the efficiency of the road transportation systems.

Short-term forecasting of the subway passenger flow based on wavelet decomposition and long short-term memory network

GAO Meng-qi, CHANG Xi-ming, WANG Huan

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  56-63.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.008

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In this study,we develop a two-stage passenger flow forecasting model by combining wavelet decomposition and the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network.Further,the wavelet decomposition and reconstruction can effectively process the fluctuating data,and the LSTM network may be used to learn the time series data.The passenger flow was evaluated by the developed model based on a prediction case study in the Xizhimen subway station in Beijing.In this study,this method was observed to obtain accurate predication results;the mean absolute percentage error was 5.48% and decreased by 8.59% and 2.94%,respectively,when compared with those associated with the single use of LSTM and the use of a combination of empirical mode decomposition with LSTM.Therefore,the proposed method is observed to exhibit improved forecasting accuracy.

Cooperative optimization of flexible shuttle transit routing in case of various vehicle types

SHAO Wen, JIA Shun-ping, CAO Wen-juan

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  64-73.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.009

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Residents often have difficulty in shuttling between home and the interchange stations. To address this “last mile problem,” this study examines flexible shuttle transit route planning. Further, the passenger satisfaction was quantified by establishing a function to ensure the service quality of the shuttle transit. Given the influence of combined dispatching in case of various vehicle types on the routing optimization of shuttle transit, a collaborative optimization model was established for flexible shuttle transit routing. In accordance with the given demands and fleet size, this model aims at minimizing the business operating cost and maximizing the average passenger satisfaction using the genetic algorithm. The results denote that the optimal fitness value in case of multi-vehicle scheduling is better when compared with that observed in case of a single vehicle type, indicating the feasibility of the model in routing optimization.

A relaxation algorithm for solving the traveling salesman problem

DONG Chuan-bo

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  74-79.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.010

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In the traditional traveling salesman problem (TSP) models,the number of sub-tour elimination constraints exponentially increases with an increase in the size of the problem,which considerably limits the efficiency of solving the TSP.Based on the TSP relaxation problems,a method has been proposed in this study to effectively generate sub-tour elimination constraints.Further,the proposed method achieves an accurate and quick solution of TSP by solving the linear integer programming series.The numerical results denote that when compared with the Cplex direct solution,the proposed method can obtain the optimal solution of TSP more rapidly.

Environment and Ecology

Research on the treatment of total phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand using fly ash in the initial rainwater

QU Yan-ping, LI Hong-cui, HU Yong-hua

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  80-85.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.011

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he initial rainwater pollution mainly contributes to rainwater runoff pollution. In this paper, the adsorption effects of fly ash and modified fly ash (MFA) on the removal of total phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the initial rainwater were investigated under various conditions such as different dosage, adsorption time, and pH.  Moreover, optimal adsorption conditions were determined, and the adsorption results were fitted with the data to establish the adsorption isotherm and kinetic models. The result showed that the adsorption effect of MFA was considerably improved. The adsorption efficiency of total phosphorus reached 93.83% when the dosage of MFA in rainwater, pH, and adsorption time were 1.5 g, 8, and 40 min; the adsorption efficiency of COD reached 77.66% when the dosage, pH, and adsorption time were 1.0 g, 6, and 40 min. Furthermore, the adsorption process of total phosphorus using MFA fits the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model and second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption process of COD fits the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and second-order kinetic model.

Modular fault tree diagnosis method for identifying the failure factors associated with a bag filter

ZHANG Ti-xiang, LIU Yong-yan, WANG Xin, ZHI Ying-ming

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  86-93.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.012

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In this study,a modular fault tree analysis method has been proposed based on the relative importance for identifying the failure factors associated with bag filters.By considering the fault tree of the bag filter as an example,the depth-first left-most traversal was used to obtain independent sub-modules.The relative importance of the modules and the minimally cut set were obtained to achieve rapid fault location.This result is beneficial for ensuring the improvement and perfection of bag filter,providing a basis for conducting further research on the fault diagnosis expert system of bag filters.

Other Research Article

Effect of divalent ions on the polyelectrolyte chains at different pH

LI Shu-hang, ZHU Ze-dong, XU Zi-yan, YANG Guang-can

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  94-100.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.013

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In this study, the effect of divalent counterions on the conformational change of the semi-flexible polyelectrolyte chains was investigated at different pH based on Langevin’s dynamics. Polyelectrolyte is represented by a coarse-grained bead spring model, with the radius of gyration (Rg) remaining almost constant at pH-pK>0. Rg reduces and the polyelectrolyte chain shrinks as the value of pH-pK decreases. Meanwhile, in the experiment, the atomic force microscopy images of the DNA mediated by Mg²⁺ were obtained in different pH environments to denote that the DNA remained in a free and loose state in neutral and weakly acidic environments. At pH<4, i.e., strong acidity, DNA was gradually condensed into a spherical shape and stabilized. Further, the experimental result agrees with the simulation results.

Design of an ultraviolet photoelectric integrated flame detector

LIU Jian-xiang, LI Shao-peng, LI Yang, XUE Ying, LIU Xin

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  101-106.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.014

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In this study,an integrated design method that combines the sensor and processor is proposed to overcome the disadvantages of the traditional flame detector,including easy attenuation and interference as well as short transmission distance.The proposed design method improves the reliability of the entire machine in a complex environment.Based on the analysis of the ultraviolet photoelectric flame detection working principle,the project judges the existence of a flame by detecting the ultraviolet pulse number and intensity of the flame signal.Further,methods for circuit and software design,such as high-voltage driving,flame-state signal transmission,and flame signal processing,are proposed in this study.The detector is observed to be of excellent practical value in the field of gas combustion furnace based on the field test results obtained using a gas combustion furnace.

Implementation of a ROS-based mobile robot control system

LIU Guang-liang, LIU Cheng-ye, ZHENG Jiang-hua

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  107-113.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.015

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A robot may employ different techniques and control methods based on system requirements. Robot operating system (ROS) is a widely used open source software architecture platform for robot control. In this study, a mobile robot control architecture is designed based on the ros_control implementation mechanism. Using different parameters in configuration files and customized hardware interface protocols, the differential drive control of mobile robots can be adjusted to suit different hardware configurations.

ADAMS-based kinematic modeling and simulation of the brake pad feeding robot

CHEN Tie, YAN Jiu-xiang, SUN Jie, XU Zhao-xia, LIU Kai-feng, WANG Qi-lin

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  114-120.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.016

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In response to the problems that are associated with the production of brake pad stamping, we propose the usage of a robot instead of manual operation to automatically load and unload materials during brake pad stamping. The overall design of feeding robot was conducted in accordance with the stamping process of the brake pad and the feeding requirements. A three-dimensional robot model was designed using SolidWorks, and the kinematic equations of the robot were established using the D-H displacement matrix method. The simulation analysis of robot motion was performed using the ADAMS software, indicating that the data with respect to the trajectory, pose, and joint velocity of the endpoint were obtained and verifying the design accuracy.

Effects of thermal pretreatments on the drying process and product quality of Penaeus vannamei

YUN Dong-ling, WANG Shou-quan, GENG Wen-guang, ZHAO Gai-ju

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(4):  121-126.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.04.017

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In this study,the drying process and characteristics of Penaeus vannamei are studied under different pretreatments using water steaming and soaking.Further,the effects of the pretreatment methods on the quality of the dried products are studied based on their hardness,elasticity,and rehydration rate.The experimental results denote that the water content of Penaeus vannamei obtained using different pretreatments vary;further,the initial moisture content of Penaeus vannamei and loss of dry matter after steaming is lower than those after boiling.The drying process of Penaeus vannamei only undergoes the falling drying rate stage,and water diffusion plays a dominating role.The quality of the dry products can be improved by conducting pretreatment before drying.When compared with the product obtained using the boiled pretreatment method,the dried product obtained after conducting steam pretreatment exhibits a higher rehydration rate,brighter color,and tighter and more elastic muscle tissue.