Table of Content

20 October 2019 Volume 32 Issue 5

  

Development and application of ocean data buoy technology in China

WANG Jun-cheng, LI Yun-zhou

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  1-20.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.001

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Ocean data buoy are important technical means for obtaining offshore in-situ environmental parameters such as hydrology and meteorology,and play an important role in marine environmental monitoring,early warning and forecasting,disaster prevention and mitigation,resource development,and maritime traffic. In this paper, the effect, composition, classification, main theory and technology system of ocean data buoy are summarized. The paper presents the development of domestic ocean data buoy in history and an overview of technological breakthrough in recent years. It also introduces the composition and application of marine monitoring network in China and compares the technology of ocean data buoy in China with and that in more advanced countries. Finally, the development trends of ocean data buoy and buoy monitoring network are expected.

A review of the development and current situation of marine environment observation technology and instruments

QI Sui-ping, LI Yun-zhou

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  21-30.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.002

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Because of the gradual exhaustion of land resources, it has become the consensus of all countries with coastal lines to seek resources and space from the ocean. Competition in the field of marine technology has become increasingly fierce, which has driven the rapid development of marine environmental observation technology and instruments and posed a higher challenge for the development of China's marine core technology. In this paper, the technology of marine environment observation platform, sensing technology, and data integrated processing technology involved in the field of marine environment observation technology are analyzed and summarized. On the premise of clarifying the status quo of technology and instruments, the existing gaps are determined, and the integrated processing technology of marine environment observation data is conducted initially. On this basis, the prospects of marine environmental observation technology and instrument are forecasted according to the development trend. Based on the modularization and serialization of instruments and equipment that currently exist in this field, the paper predicts that they will be further developed toward networking and intelligentization. This study is believed to provide suggestions for technologists who are engaging in development planning, technology researching, instrument developing, and engineering application of marine environmental monitoring technology in China.

A dissolved oxygen detection technique based on an oxygen sensitive membrane in seawater

WU Bing-wei, ZHANG Ying-ying, ZHANG Yun-yan, FENG Xian-dong, YUAN Da

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  31-37.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.003

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A fluorescence quenching method for detecting dissolved oxygen in seawater was proposed. A design scheme of fluorescence detection system based on an oxygen sensitive membrane in seawater was introduced in detail from the aspects of photoelectric detection circuit, LED drive circuit, photodiode circuit, temperature detection circuit, signal generation acquisition, and control circuit, etc. The fluorescence detection system was tested for measurement accuracy in phase lag detection, systematic stability, and system test data. In the data accuracy test, the dissolved oxygen saturation was found to have reduced from 100.00% to 11.56%. The error between the measurements obtained by the fluorescence detection system based on an oxygen sensitive membrane and iodimetry was 5.15 μmol/L, and the two methods showed the same trend. This system could be used as a seawater-dissolved oxygen-measuring instrument with good application value.

Determination of salvianolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. from Shandong region by UPE-HILIC-DAD-ESI-TOF/MS

DONG Sha-sha, CHENG Su-pan, MA Tian-yu, LIU Wei, ZHANG Yu-jie, WANG Xiao, LIU Dai-cheng, ZHAO Heng-qiang

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  38-45.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.004

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A method involving ultrahigh pressure extraction-hydrophilic interaction chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPE-HILIC-DAD-ESI-TOF/MS) was developed in this study for determining the content of salvianolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.(Danshen) from Shandong region. The UPE conditions were optimized in detail through a single-factor experiment; analysis was performed based on a Waters XBridge Amide column with water solution (0.8% formic acid, 20 mmol/L ammonium formate, 30% acetonitrile, and 10% n-butanol)-acetonitrile (0.8% formic acid) as mobile phase, gradient elution, flow rate 0.8 mL/min, column temperature at 25°C, and detection wavelength 280 nm; various compounds were identified by DAD-ESI-TOF/MS and quantified by HILIC-DAD. Under optimized extraction conditions, the extraction rate of UPE method was significantly higher than that of ultrasonic assisted extraction and reflux extraction method; desirable separation effect could be achieved by HILIC method for the salvianolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. In combination with standard reference materials, compounds could be accurately identified using precise molecular weight information obtained by ESI-TOF/MS and ultraviolet absorption information acquired by DAD. Seven types of salvianolic acids (including salvianolic acid A, rosmarinic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde acid, ursolic acid, purple oxalic acid, and salvianolic acid B) were determined. The results showed that there was a good linear relationship between peak area and mass concentration of each compound(r=0.999 0~1.000 0), the concentration range of each compound were 0.311~0.438, 1.218~1.517, 0.104~0.147, 0.375~0.527, 0.303~0.401, 4.025~4.935, and 35.628~44.255 mg/g. This method features high extraction efficiency and good degree of separation, providing technical evidence for extraction, determination, and quality evaluation of salvianolic acids from Danshen.

Zebrafish as a model organism for hearing research

LIU Ke-chun, GAO Yan, ZHANG Yun, HE Qiu-xia, HAN Li-wen, LI Ning, JI Xiu-na, SUN Chen

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  46-53.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.005

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Hearing loss has a substantial effect on the quality of patients′ life. The study on hearing loss using appropriate model organisms can provide reliable data for disease treatment and drug development. Zebrafish has emerged as a new type of vertebrate model organism in recent years. Because of its unique advantages, there is a growing interest in the use of zebrafish in research related to human hearing disorders. Considering this scenario, the paper reviews the research advantages, application progress, and common techniques used in the field of hearing research involving zebrafish.

Investigation of the pharmacological activity and mechanism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi based on the network pharmacology method for explaining its traditional effect

DONG Hong-jing, YAO Xue, MU Yan, MA Shuang-shuang, GENG Yan-ling, LIU Feng, LIU Wei

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  54-61.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.006

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In this study, the chemical constituents of a standard decoction of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi are identified by using high-performance liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization, and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. It can be observed that the Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi decoction mainly contains eight flavonoids. The possible targets of the eight flavonoids and their related diseases are predicted by using the network pharmacology method. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi not only exhibits anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities but also exhibits other various pharmacological activities in case of other instances such as edema, poisoning, hypertension, hemorrhage, and heart diseases. Based on pathway enrichment analysis, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi can be observed to exert multiple pharmacological activities mainly by regulating the metabolic pathway, the adipocyte metabolic pathway, the arachidonic acid metabolism, 5-hydroxytryptamine synapse, the arginine biosynthesis, and the calcium signaling pathway. The results demonstrate that the network pharmacology method can be used in case of the pharmacological mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine, providing distinct explanation for its biological effects.

Screening and identification of Trichoderma spp. against seedling blight of Panax quinquefolium L. and its control efficiency on the plot

LI Ji-shun, CHEN Kai, WANG Yi-lian, LI Hong-mei, TANG Yong-hui, WEI Yan-li, HU Jin-dong, ZHAO Zhong-juan, YANG He-tong

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  62-70.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.007

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Trichoderma strains effectively controlling the seedling blight of Panax quinquefolium L. were screened using dual-culture antagonistic activity assay and a plot experiment and identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis and morphological characteristics. The result showed that all test Trichoderma strains could inhibit R. solani on a PDA plate, among which strain HB20111 had the highest inhibition ratio of 99.33%. In the plot experiment, strain HB20111 significantly controlled the seedling blight of P. quinquefolium L., with a significant difference compared to other treatments (P<0.05). For seed dressing used in the first year, the control efficiency, weight gain rate of a single plant and weight gain rate of total plants reached 71.81%, 33.54% and 92.75%, respectively.And for root adhesion treatment in the second year, the values of the three parameters were 91.04%, 158.06% and 1369.34%, respectively. The strain HB20111 was identified as T. atroviride, with typical single branched conidiophores as its other morphological characteristics were consistent with T. atroviride and ITS sequence was 100.0% homologous with that of T. atroviride. HB20111 is expected to substitute chemical fungicide in the production of P. quinquefolium L. due to fast growth, strong sporulation ability, and high control efficiency.

Biocontrol effect evaluation of combined Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus cereus against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. on tomatoes

LIU Bao-jun, WANG Yi-lian, HU Jin-dong, LI Ji-shun, YANG He-tong

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  71-75.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.008

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Single agent Trichoderma harzianum or Bacillus cereus and combination of both were used to investigate the preventive and control effects of different treatments against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. on tomatoes. The field experimental results indicated that the combination of two microbial agents showed more distinct preventive and control effects than the use of single strain after two consecutive applications of biocontrol bacteria. At 45 days after, the preventive and control effects of the combination were 70.2% and 48.4%, respectively, and the reduction rates of root-knot nematodes in rhizosphere soil were 61.4% and 54.9% and those in tomato roots were 75.9% and 60.7%. The preventive and control effects of the combination on root-knot nematodes were significantly higher compared with those observed using single strain (P<0.05). The study results provide evidence for the development of combined microbial agents to control tomato root-knot nematodes.

Simulation and optimization of the casting process for the large aluminum alloy beam based on ProCAST

XING Tian-tian, WANG Gui-qing, TIAN Chang-wen

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  76-80.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.009

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The casting process simulation software ProCAST was used to simulate the filling and solidification process of the sand gravity casting of the large aluminum alloy. The location of the casting defects was predicted, and their causes were analyzed.Based on that,the cooling effect was enhanced by rationally adjusting the pouring riser system and cold iron in special area.The casting process plan was optimized, which laid the foundation for process implementation.

Study on flow field in micro-cylinder groups with different cross-section shapes by Micro-PIV method

LIU Zhi-gang, LÜ Ming-ming, KONG Ling-jian, JIA Lei, JIANG Ya-ke

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  81-87.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.010

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The flow around staggered micro-cylinders with different cross-sectional shapes, such as circular, elliptical, and diamond, was investigated via micro particle image velocimetry (Micro-PIV). Flow field information, such as velocity field and streamline, was obtained using different Reynolds numbers（Re）, and the impacts of Re and cross-sectional shape on the flow field structure were analyzed. Results show that boundary layer separation in the process of flow around the micro-cylinder lagged in comparison to macro-scale flow around the cylinder. Flow separation in the wake region of the micro-cylinder having a circular cross-section occurred earlier than those of micro-cylinders having elliptical and diamond-shaped cross-sections. A vortex structure appeared in the wake region of the micro-cylinders, and backflow length increased with the increasing Re. The backflow length and backflow area of the flow around the micro-cylinder having a circular cross-section are the largest among the three types of cross-sections.

In-situ CO₂ removal properties of CaO-based catalysts for biomass pyrolysis

XIE Xin-ping, CHEN Lei, SUN Lai-zhi, YANG Shuang-xia, YI Xiao-lu, HUA Dong-liang

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  88-93.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.011

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An in-situ decarbonization process using CaO-based composite catalysts in biomass pyrolysis was investigated. The composition and content of the product gas were analyzed via gas chromatography. Results showed that the CaO-based composite catalysts could perform in-situ adsorption of CO₂ generated in biomass pyrolysis and thus achieve the targeted catalytic conversion of biomass. Using Fe-CaO and Ni-CaO composite catalysts in biomass pyrolysis, the liquid product yield could be reduced to less than 20%, whereas the gas product yield could be increased to as high as 67.1%. Under the catalytic pyrolysis condition of Ni-CaO, the H₂ content could reach 52.9%, whereas the φ(H2)/φ(CO) reached 2.6. Consequently, the quality of the pyrolysis gas improved.

Biomass chemical looping gasification based on Fe/CaO oxygen carriers

LI Min, SUN Lai-zhi, CHEN Lei, YANG Shuang-xia, FENG Hong-qing, ZHANG Xiao-don

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  94-103.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.012

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The chemical looping gasification of biomass is a promising and efficient biomass gasification technology. During this process, oxygen carriers (OCs) could play the oxygen-providing and tar-reforming roles; therefore, OC selection is a crucial factor for the chemical looping gasification of biomass. To improve the redox characteristics of the OC and optimize the yield of the syngas product, the OCs of Fe/CaO with different concentrations were prepared using the mechanical mixture and impregenation methods for biomass chemical looping gasification and studied in this article. Multiple techniques, such as XRD, CO₂-TPD and H₂-TPR were performed to analyze the characterization of the Fe/CaO OCs. The biomass chemical looping gasification experiments were conducted on a fixed bed reactor. The results denoted that the gas conversion rate increases, the output of CO₂ and CO also increases, and the output of H₂ decreases at a reaction temperature of 850°C with an increase in Fe loading. With a Fe/CaO oxygen carrier exhibiting 40% Fe loading, the experiment obtained a maximum syngas production of 453.4 mL, and the H₂ and CO gas yields were 146.6 and 306.8 mL, respectively. 

Rapid analysis of key biochemical parameters during starch sugar production

YANG Jun-hui, MA Heng, MA Yao-hong, ZHAO Yu-bin, SUN Hui-nan, SHI Jian-guo

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  104-109.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.013

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In this study, a rapid analytical method was developed for such key parameters as glucose, reducing sugar, and dextrose equivalent (DE) during starch sugar production. The developed method was applied to rapidly determine the key parameters during starch sugar production. The variation tendency of these key parameters (glucose, reducing sugar, and DE) was examined. The results indicated that liquefaction significantly increased glucose levels but decreased maltotriose and maltotetraose levels. During saccharification, glucose and reducing sugar levels increased with time, and DE was elevated. The developed rapid analysis method for key parameters during starch sugar production can provide new technical support for the quality control and analysis of starch sugar production.

Advance of fiber optic sensors application for coal mine methane and fire hazards monitoring

LIU Tong-yu, WANG Zhao-wei, LI Zhen, LI Yan-fang, JIN Guang-xian, LI Run-chun, WANG Ji-qiang

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  110-117.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.014

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This paper reports on the advance of research，development and field application of laser methane sensors, laser CO sensors, fiber optic wind speed sensors, and fiber distributed sensors, which are essential for gas and fire hazard prevention. Massive amount of monitoring data exist in the coal mine because of the much larger space，ever-growing number and types of equipment. Owing to its unique advantages of high-performance and distributed monitoring, fiber sensors and laser sensors have gradually become the technological development trend of mine sensors.

Optical fiber distributed acoustic sensing technology based on Hilbert transformation

LÜ Gong-he, LIU Xue-jie, MOU Feng-ming, LIU Xiao-hui

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  118-123.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.015

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A phase demodulation algorithm based on Hilbert transformation is proposed to build a optical fiber distributed acoustic sensing system. This system greatly simplifies the optical structure in the optical time-domain reflectometry system without degrading the demodulation result. It is proved theoretically and experimentally that the new algorithm can accurately and stably demodulate the amplitude, frequency, and position information of the sinusoidal signal provided, which could lead to the accurate measurement of distributed vibration signals.

Traffic congestion characteristics of the topological structure of ring-radial road network

ZHU Yuan-qi, QU Yun-chao, LIU Hao, WU Jian-jun

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  124-130.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.016

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In this study, the traffic congestion of the ring-radial road network is investigated considering the traffic demand and road network topology. Based on the OD data analysis of taxi passengers from several cities in China, the travel distance distribution characteristics of the taxi users are studied; further, a universal traffic demand generation model is established based on the OD distribution. Thus, the traffic congestion in case of two typical traffic network structures, i.e., the regular grid and ring-radial road networks, are studied under the specified demand distributions. The results denote that the ring-radial road network topology can effectively reduce the network congestion time and reduce the transportation cost under the traffic demand that satisfies the specific OD Euclidean distance distribution.

Determination of five heavy metals in the soil of a vegetable intensive area by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric

ZHAO Yan-fang, ZHAI Zhen-guo, CHEN Xiang-feng

Shandong Science. 2019, 32(5):  131-135.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2019.05.017

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The wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric method and pressed-disk technique were used to determine the contents of five heavy metals in the soil of a crop-intensive area. The grinding time, presser pressure, and matrix interference were investigated, and the experimental conditions were optimized. The method was employed for the rapid determination of Cr, As, Pb, Cu and Zn contents. The detection and quantitative limits of the method were approximately 1.5~2.0 mg/kg and 4.5~6.0 mg/kg, resectively. The precision experimert results showed that the relative standard deviation (RSD, n=5) of each component was between 2.6% and 7.9%. The error between the measured value of the national reference material and standard value is between -0.3% and 1.9%. The method was applied to the analysis of the actual sample, and the results thus obtained were consistent with those obtained through ICP–MS in the laboratory.