Oil sludge is one of the major solid wastes generated during oil field exploration, transportation, and petroleum refineries, which can cause severe soil, water, and air pollution. Pyrolysis is an effective technique for reducing oil sludge and achieving energy reutilization. Herein, the thermal characteristic mechanism and precipitation characteristics of oil sludge were studied using thermogravimetric Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis. Results show that the oil sludge pyrolysis process can be divided into three stages, namely, the release of water and a part of the light fraction, the release of organic materials, and the decomposition of carbonate compounds. The increase in the heating rate, affected by the delay in the internal heat and the mass transfer of oil sludge, led to the shift of the TG and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curves of the overall pyrolysis weight loss toward the high-temperature zone. Moreover, the pyrolysis process released CH₄, CO, CO₂, and volatile substances such as alkane, olefin, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

In this study, temperature, pH, and moisture content of the municipal excess sludge treated with CaO during the biodrying process were analyzed, and the obtained data were compared with excess sludge treated without CaO. It was observed that the sludge waste exhibited good buffering capacity of pH, and could improve the biodrying temperature to a certain degree after treated with CaO. Moreover, the variations in bacterial communities during the biodrying process of municipal excess sludge biodrying were analyzed based on two different conditions (with and without CaO treatment). It was found that the two different treatment methods and biodrying period had a significant effect on the bacterial communities in the sludge substrate. The study facilitates the preliminary foundation to further clarify the succession rules of microbial communities during municipal excess sludge biodrying using aerobic fermentation.

As one of the important methods of clean and efficient exploitation of biomass, the biomass gasification technology has a broad development prospects. The domestic and abroad advances of biomass gasification technologies in recent years, such as gasifying agent gasification，pyrolysis gasification, catalytic gasification, plasma gasification, ultra supercritical water gasification, etc. were reviewed in the paper. Tar removal and purification, and the preparation of efficient catalysts are regarded as the two biggest obstacles to the biomass gasification, and the removal of tar by chemical method and the development of compound catalysts are suitable solutions to these problems. Finally, the largescale commercial utilization in certain industries is forecasted to be the main development trend of the biomass gasification.

Using compound fixed bed pilot plant, and by adjusting the primary air volume, the two air volume and the feed quantity to control the temperature and the reaction depth of each reaction zone, the experimental study on the gasification of corn straw briquette fuel was carried out. The experimental results showed that the compound fixed bed had good adaptability to the straw briquette fuel, the temperature distribution in the furnace was reasonable, the stability of the chemical reaction equilibrium was achieved, and the gasification efficiency was as high as 75.4%. At the same time, the second air flow rate had obvious influence on the combustion temperature, as well as on the calorific value of gas in the gas combustion zone. Through the high temperature field of the tar cracking zone, tar in gas could be cracked in the furnace more completely, and the gas had a higher calorific value.

 To enhance absorption property of activated carbon and reduce energy consumption of preparation technology, we address the impact of ultralow temperature pretreatment on quality and preparation technology of activated carbon. We employ liquid nitrogen to pretreat coconut shell at ultralow temperature. Through rapid temperature rise, we prepare activated carbon at 600 ℃ whose specific surface area surpasses that of nonpretreatment activated carbon at 800 ℃. The specific surface area of activated carbon of the coconut shell increases to 2300 m2/g from 1 600 m2/g, and its micropore volume increases to 0.92 cm3/g from 0.67 cm3/g. Results show that ultralow temperature pretreatment has significant positive effect to quality improvement and reduction of energy consumption of activated carbon. The research provides reference for functional development and  the improvement of surface structure of activated carbon.

We conducted performance experiment for blending fuel of different blending ratios of nbutanol and gasoline applied port fuel injection engine. We compared pure gasoline and the blending fuel of blending ratios of 10% and 20% for 2 000 r/min and 2 500 r/min. Results show that the power of the engine slightly falls and BSFC increases a little. Specific fuel consumption is the lowest for torque moment of 90 N·m. For experimental condition, HC and NOx emission slightly decreases. The effect on CO emission is less.

We survey research advances of biomass catalytic pyrolysis from catalysts and regular reactors. It is still in experimental phase. Bio-oil ingredient after catalytic pyrolysis is still very complicated, difficult to separate its product and be fully utilized.Preparation of compound catalysts and amplification and design of a reactor are research emphasis in future.

We address protein extraction process of municipal residual sewage sludge.We initially compared acid and alkaline hydrolysis pretreatment methods and optimized the better alkaline hydrolysis method for protein extraction from municipal residual sludge. To acquire optimal extraction condition, we optimized NaOH concentration, solution amount and pretreatment time with response surface method.The optimal protein extraction condition is 21.79 g wet municipal sludge,80 mL NaOH solution (3.68 mol/L), and pretreatment time of 20.32 h at 50 ℃.The optimal protein extraction yield is 8 967±0.4 μg/g dry sludge, 2.33 times of initial extraction yield.

Due to the slow natural anaerobic fermentation characteristics of tomato stems and leaves, waste activated sludge was closed to be added into the digestor of tomato stems and leaves ( VS ratio of waste activated sludge and tomato stems and leaves of 1∶2) to improve substrate nutrient composition. Anaerobic granular sludge of 0. 1 g/ mL was inoculated to compenstaes the deficiency of methanogenesis microbes. Under such regulation, the removal rate of tomato stems and leaves was increased to more than 95 %, and the corresponding biogas yield of organie fermentation was improved to 263 mL/ g ( 7. 5 times improvement) . Meanwhile, methane volume fraction in biogas was also increased by 64.5%. This method achieves not only the goal of waste control by waste, but also that of the maximization of resource utilization

We review global advances of synthesis gas production through biomass gasification and high value-added chemicals production through biomass liquidation.Development of high activity, high selectivity and good stability catalyst is an urgent technical difficulty of biomass effective thermal-chemical conversion. For synthesis gas production through biomass gasification, development focus should be a catalyst of tar cracking and ratio adjustment of CO and H₂ promotion. For high value-added chemicals production, a catalyst should reduce oxygen content in bio-oil, increase yield rate of required chemicals, and improve quality of bio-oil.

Biogas anaerobic digestion (AD) process involves in synergy of complicated microorganism communities in anaerobic condition. Factors variation of the AD process may cause the variation of community composition, which may further affect stability and efficiency of a fermentation system. We address the factors affecting stability and efficiency of biogas AD process, including fermentation temperature,pH value,C/N ratio,OLR and retention time, macronutrients and trace elements.Mixed raw materials in AD process can compensate nutrient deficiency of single raw material and the impact of specific component accumulation on AD process stability. For temperature selection of AD process, if input and output energy ratio is fully considered, economy of AD process can be guaranteed.

We perform pyrolysis experiments on a fixed bed reactor at 400, 450, 500 and 550 ℃ with corn straw, wheat straw and cotton straw as raw materials. We then obtain three biomassfastpyrolysis biooils. 500 ℃ is the optimal temperature for obtaining the highest average biooil yield. We further employ Gas ChromatographMass Spectrometercomputer (GC-MS）to determine their main chemical components and mass content at 500 ℃. Experimental results show that the kind of biomass materials has significant impact on biooil chemical components and contents. Biooil from every raw material has its own unique chemical compounds whose contents are also different. However, major components are approximately identical. Ketones are rich in biooil from corn stalk, and acids next. While acid is rich in biooil from wheat straw and cotton stalk, and ketones next.