Table of Content

20 February 2015 Volume 28 Issue 1

  

Traditional Chinese medicine and natural active products

Separation and preparation of the chemical components of Rheum officinale Baill.by pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography and HSCCC

WU Qiu-xia, SUN Chang-lei, WANG Xiao, ZHOU Jie, ZHENG Zhen-jia, YANG Bing-tian, SUN Wei-hong

Shandong Science. 2015, 28(1):  1-6.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.001

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We employed pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography(pH-ZRCCC)and conventional high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) to separate and prepare the chemical components in the crude extracts of Rheum officinale Baill.We initially used pH-ZRCCC to separate the crude extracts of Rheum officinale Baill.with petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water(3：7：4：6,V/V) as a binary phase solvent system.Trifluoroacetic acid of 10 mmol/L was added to the upper organicstationary phase as a retainer and NaOH of 15 mmol/L was added to the aqueous mobile phase as an eluter.We acquired cinnamic acid (purity of 96.1%)of 140 mg, rhein(purity of 92.5%) of 130 mg and residue of 560 mg from crude extracts of 1.3 g. We further applied conventional HSCCC to the separation of the residue of 260 mg with petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (7：3：7：4,V/V) as a binary phase solvent system, and obtained aboutemodin (purity of 96.5%)of 98 mg and aloeemodin (purity of 96.5%) of 60 mg. We employed HPLC to detect the purity and ESI-MS and1HNMR to identify those structures. Results show that the combination of pH-ZRCCC and HSCCC is an effective method for the separation of chemical compounds from Rheum officinale Baill.

1H-NMR spectroscopy based content determination of 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone

XIAN Yunxia, GENG Yanling, ZHOU Honglei, WANG Xiao, YU Jinqian

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  7-11.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.002

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We established a rapid and accurate method for the content determination of 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone with quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance. We acquired 1HNMR spectra of the mixture of 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone and benzoic acid at 25 ℃ with Bruker 400 MHz spectrometer scanning 32 times, DMSO as solution, and benzoic acid as internal standard. Proton signal peaks at δ 6.97 of 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone and δ 7.95 of benzoic acid served as quantification peaks. Linear regression equation of y=0.197x+0.783 and correlation coefficient of 0.997 were obtained for peak areas ratio y(As/Ar) of 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone andbenzoic acid and mass ratio x(ms/mr).RSD of 0.47% (n=6), RSD of stability of 0.58%, and RSD of recovery rate of 1.18% were acquired for repeatable tests of content determination.The contents of 3 batches of 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone were 99.53%, 99.46% and 99.49%. Experimental results show that the concentration of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance determined 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone isslightly lower than that by HPLC without reference substance. The method therefore can be used for the content determination and quality control of 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone. It can also provide references for content determination of other reference substances.

Energy and Power

Analysis of flow, heat transfer and entropy generation for flow across inline and staggered square micro pins in a channel

ZHAO Hongxia,CHI Mingshen,GUAN Ning

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  12-19.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.003

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We employed numerical simulation to investigate flow, heat transfer and entropy generation for liquid water flowing across staggered and inline arranged micro pin fins. Results show that the entropy generation of inline and staggered micro pin fins are approximate when Re≤50.However, the difference between flow entropy generation and heat transfer entropy generation gradually increases for 50

Flow characteristics of water in super-hydrophobic micro-tubes with different diameters

JIANG Gui-lin, ZHANG Cheng-wu, GUAN Ning, LIU Zhi-gang, QIU De-lai

Shandong Science. 2015, 28(1):  20-27.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.004

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We prepared super-hydrophobic solutionby adding 2% perfluorinatedoctyltriethoxysilane and additiveto modified-organosilicone dilute solution.We implemented micron order super-hydrophobic coating on inner-walls of three micro-tubes with diameters of 0.447 mm, 0.728 mm and 0.873 mm to form super-hydrophobic micro-tubes. The contact angles of water on their inner surfacesare all larger than 150°.We further constructed aninnermicro-tube fluid characteristicexperimental system and exploredsuper-hydrophobic resistance reduction law. We measured frictional resistance coefficients f of de-ionized water flowing micro-tubes with super-hydrophobic layer and without super-hydrophobic layer for Re changing from 100~3000.Experimental results show flowing resistance in a micro-tube is significantly reduced through super-hydrophobic processing. Moreover, such resistance gradually reduces with the increase of the innerdiameter of a micro-tube. The maximum decreasing amplitude canreach 29.08%.Super-hydrophobic coating can make the transition of flow from laminar to turbulenceinobviously delayed and the transitional Re in micro-tubes increases with the increase of the diameter.

Biosensors

Research advances and development of biosensors in China

SHI Jianguo,LI Yiwei,ZHANG Xianen

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  28-35.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.005

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Research on biosensors involves extensive contents, multiple disciplines and their overlap. We review its status quo and characteristics with emphasis on immobilizedenzyme sensors. We also address the kind of bioactive components, immobilization strategy andits applications.We further present the main issues affecting practical application process of Chinese biosensorsenzyme variety scarcity, bad stability and less analytical performance of instruments.We then explore its development emphasis and directions from enzyme molecular elements, bioelectronics components, manufacture technology and market development of biosensors. We eventually present our suggestions for the emphasis on the standardization of new enzyme molecular elements and bioelectronics components and integration technology of analytical system.

Application of biosensor analyzers in coimmobilized enzyme

ZHANG Liqun,REN Tingyue,ZHAO Xiaohua,ZHANG Jinling,BI Chunyuan

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  36-42.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.006

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We addressed the application of H2O2 concentration measurement and enzyme activity characterization in coimmobilized GODCAT resin. We initially detected H2O2 concentration in reaction solution with hydrogen peroxide electrode.H2O2was generated through coimmobilized GODCAT resin catalytic oxidizing glucose prepared in different GOD/CAT activity ratios. The optimal GOD/CAT activity ratio was then obtained. We further detected the change of glucose mass and concentration in the substrate of reaction liquid in catalytic oxidation with glucose oxidase electrode. This provided anactivity characterization method of coimmobilized GODCAT resin. We then investigated its enzymatic properties. Results show that its optimal generation conditions are GOD/CAT activity ratio of 1:1, temperature of 45 ℃ and pH of 6.0. Its heat, pH, operation and storage stabilitiesare all higher than those of free enzyme.

Analdehyse oxidase modified gold electrode based formaldehyde gas sensor

GAO Guangheng,BI Chunyuan,ZHU Sirong, ZHOU Wanli,

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  43-46.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.007

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We designed a formaldehyde gas detection sensor based on the aldehyde oxidase principle. Its sensitive component was manufactured through such process as selfassembly, activation, and adsorption with gold electrode as substrate, and had better electrocatalysis and oxidation effect to formaldehyde. We further designed a formaldehyde gas detection biosensor with the electrode and a LPC1788 chip as its CPU. The biosensor was tested with formaldehyde gas of 0.1 mg/m3.Results demonstrate that the sensor has as rapid response time as 20 s, shorter recovery time and lower detection limit as 0.01 mg/m3 to formaldehyde gas.

Optical Fiber and Photonic sensingtechnology

Least squares fitting in the detection for mine optical fiber gas detection

ZHANG Tingting, HU Jie,WEI Yubin, LIU Tongyu

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  47-50.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.008

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Linear least squares fitting is only applicable to gas detection whose spectral absorption rate is less than 0.1 in coal mine optical fiber gas detection. We present the calculation for gas concentration with damped least squares fitting for the nonlinear issue between the varieties of gas absorption spectrum and concentration if spectral absorption rate increases. Experimental results show that the detection limitation of the method based gas detector is improved from 100 ppm to 30 ppm.Data calibration procedure is also simplified, so the method can better satisfy the requirements of coal mines for secure production.

Thin-walled cylinder structure based optical fiber grating gas pressure sensor

SONG Guangdong, MENG Xiangjun, GONG Zhijie, HU Binxin, LIU Tongyu, LI Lianqing

Shandong Science. 2015, 28(1):  51-55.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.009

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We design a new high sensitive fiber grating gas pressure sensor with temperature compensation based on a thinwalled cylinder structure to improve the precision and accuracy of gas pressure sensing. We determine its structure and size through theory analysis. It has a thinwalled cylinder structure with inner diameter of 15 mm, wall thickness of 0.13 mm and 30CrMnSiA as material. Its sensitivity is 220 pm/MPa.The drift amount of its fiber grating central wavelength is 2.93 nm when gas pressure is 10 MPa.It has error of less than 0.05 MPa and better reproducibility.Practical application shows that it has higher accuracy and can overcome the impact of temperature on measurement results.

Tranfic and Transportation

Network dynamics model for the relationship between metropolis residentemployment distribution and commuting

LIU Yang，ZHAO Hui，ZHOU Yanlong

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  56-63.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.010

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Unbalanced distribution of resident and employment is a very predominant issue in the rapid metropolis development. It can cause the unbalance of traffic demand and heavy traffic congestion. We construct a network dynamics model for the relationship between residentemployment distribution and commuting with urban development macro data as influential variables to investigate the relationship in city development. We also establish parameter relationship based wavelet neural networks to solve the model. We further employ Beijing macroeconomic data and commuting data from nine typical residential areas to calibrate and validate the model. Results show that the model can better denote the influence of residentemployment distribution structure on commuting feature and predict the trend of commuting feature variance.

Random parameter model based cyclist riding stability analysis

CHEN Liye，YU Rongjie

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  64-70.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.011

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Cyclist safety has presently become an increasingly severe issue. We address cyclist riding stability with cycling data and traffic environment data collected in cyclist riding experiment. We also investigate the influential factors affecting riding stability based on cycling data and traffic environment data with corner changing rate as evaluation index for riding stability.We analyze data with Bayesian inference based random parameter model to consider the heterogeneity of individuals. Analytical results indicate that cyclist riding stability is only affected by riding speed variance coefficient.The greater the coefficient is, the greater corner changing rate is.This shows worse riding stability. Individual difference considered random parameter model has better degree of fitting, as compared with conventional fixed parameter models.

Optimal target game based fuzzy comprehensive evaluation for empty wagon allocation efficiency

HU Zhiyao, ZHU Haiyang

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  71-77.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.012

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We determine the index system for efficiency evaluation of empty wagon allocation by analyzing the influential factors of empty wagon allocation in railway networks.We also acquire the evaluation grade of an optimal target in the empty wagon allocation issue by the idea oftripartite game.We further construct anempty wagon allocation efficiency model in railway networks with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The model is verified with the railway network in Lanzhou railway administration as an example. It has important practical significance for improving the quality of railway freight transportation.

Environment and Ecology

Enhanced bioremediation of additive on petroleum contaminated soil

ZHANG Qiang,ZHENG Liwen, KONG Xue, CHEN Guanhong,ZHANG Jingyu,WANG Jianing

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  78-81.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.013

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We addressed the impact of nutrient type and addition amount, and different surfactanton bioremediation effect of petroleum contaminated soil based on the addition of efficientoildegradation agent.Results show that nutrient type significantly affects the remediation process. Degradation rates of oil processed through addition of nitro ammonium phosphate and the mixed nitrogenrichfertilizer (NH4NO3：NH4H2PO4=5：1) are respectively 15.1% and 17.2% higher than that of the control.Bioremediation effect is better when the ratio of carbon and nitrogen is between 100：7.05 and 100：9.4, and the addition of fertilizer should be multiplelowdose. The processing effect of rhamnolipid is better than that of other chemical surfactants and its oildegradation rate is 8% higher than that of the control, superior to other chemical surfactants.

Ecological and environmental characteristics and the protection strategies of Chinese coastal oilfield distributions ——Taking the oilfields in Bohai rim as an example

GUO Shuhai, WANG Jianing, GAO Yongchao，LI Tingting

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  82-87.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.014

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Bohai rim is the main distribution area of Chinese coastal oilfields, and a typical ecofragile region. Longterm intensive crude oil exploitation seriously destroys the local environment. Although the local oilfield enterprises adopt many measures to curb environmental pollutions, the quality of local ecoenvironment has not been improved. We review the characteristics of ecoenvironment at Chinese Bohai rim, oilfield exploitation history, and the impact of oilfield exploitation on local ecoenvironment. We also present control measures for current oilfield pollutants and the comprehensive governance strategies for the environment of coastal oilfields. This will be a reference for further oilfield exploitation and management.

Contamination characteristic analysis of heavy metalsin the soil of Shengli Oilfield

U Xiaowen,CHEN Guanhong,CHI Jianguo,QIU Weizhong,WANG Jianing,CUI Zhaojie

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  88-96.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.015

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Longterm oil exploitation causes quality deterioration of the soil in Shengli Oilfield. However, we know very little about the contamination characteristics of the heavy metals in the soil of oilfields. We discovered that enrichment factors of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni were 3.44, 5.79, 8.08 and 2.47 and potential pollution risk existed through the sampling and analysis of eight heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, V and Mn) in the soil of Gudao oil region of Shengli Oilfield. Heavy metal speciation analysis results reveal that the speciation distribution of heavy metals are probably affected by oil pollution in the soil.

Influential factors of steel slag carbonization in bakingfree bricks

HU Yufen

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  97-101.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.016

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We address the influential factors of steel slag carbonization in brakingfree bricks from granularity of steel slag, time of carbonization, gas pressure of carbon dioxide, moisture of material, and pressure of pressing bricks by steel slag brakingfree bricks carbonization experiment for solving the problem of unstable quality of steel slag products.These five factors all have significant impacts on carbonization weight increase and intensity of test bricks in the experimental scope, but the influential tendencies are quite different. XRD, SEM and EDS show that tremendous fine stick like calcium carbonate crystals generate after steel slag carbonization. The autoclave soundness is eligible after carbonization,greater than 15 MPa of compressive strength. Brakingfree brick manufacture by carbonization of steel slagcan absorb greenhouse gas CO2 by full utilization of steel slag, so energy source and cure time are saved. It is therefore an effective path for steel slag utilization.

Article

Salinity tolerance comparison for the calli of wild and cultivated soybeans

ZHAO Zhongjuan, WEI Yanli, LI Zhe, WU Xiaoqing, LI Jishun, YANG Hetong

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  102-108.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.017

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Glycine soja is the only wild relative which can crossfertilize cultivated soybean (Glycine max) and deliver fertile offspring.It has very strong salinity tolerance capability. Salt tolerance variant screening that is performed through sexual hybridization of wild and cultivated soybeans and tissue culture technology in vitro is an effective path to improve salt tolerance of soybean. We address induction and salinity tolerance of the calli of soybean mature embryo through the selection of five cultivated soybeans and wild soybean (Dongying 1). Results show that the survival rate of the wild soybean calliis remarkably higher than that of cultivated soybean calli, and that the descent range of the fresh weight of wild soybean calliis much lower than that of cultivated soybean calli for different concentrations NaCl stress.The superoxide dismutase and peroxida seactivities of the wild soybean calli are significantly higher than that of cultivated soybean calli.The malondialdehyde content of wild soybean calliis noticeably lower than that of cultivated soybean calli under NaCl stress.These indicate that the salinity tolerance of wild soybean calliis significantly superior to cultivated soybean calli, which provides a theoretical reference for the cultivation of new species salt tolerance soybean.

Impact of different storage temperature on pollen viability of four kinds of poplars

SUN Chao, TAI Xiuguo,YANG Zhenya,CHEN Jianjian,CAO Banghua, LI Shanwen

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  109-113.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.018

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We addressed fourclone poplar pollen viability under different storage temperatures with pollen in vitro method, and the feasibility of poplar pollen in cross breeding after stored in ultralow temperature for one year. Experimental results show that germination rate of poplar pollen is maximal after cultured for 28 hours in vitro. The germination rate of four poplar clone pollenis highest after 3 months storage at -20 ℃, 36% for Populus alba×P. glandulosa ‘84K’, 35.2% for (P. tomentosa×P. bolleana)×P. canescens, 39.2% for P. deltoides cl. ‘Zhonghe 1’, and 41.9% for P. nigra cv‘ Italica’. The pollen that is stored at -80 ℃ for one year still has viability, and can properly pollinate.We can therefore get the regular seeds.

Globalpath planning design of transformer substation intelligent inspection robot

CHEN Yao, CHEN Alian, LI Xiangdong, CHEN Wei

SHANDONG SCIENCE. 2015, 28(1):  114-119.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2015.01.019

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We established a semistructured road model for the characteristics of walking route of domestic transformer substation inspection robots. It combined the improved Dijkstra and simulated annealing algorithms and then was applied to the design of global path planning of transformer substation intelligent inspection robot. We also constructed an electronic map system with global path planning functionality, which was based on SQL Server and VC++. The system has been put into operation in a transformer substation inspection robot platform.Actual operation results show that the model is feasible and highlyefficient.