我国双酚类化合物在环境介质中的来源与分布及其健康风险综述

doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240103

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

双酚A(BPA)被认为是一种内分泌干扰物,广泛应用于环氧树脂以及聚碳酸酯塑料生产,因其对人体潜在的危害,在很多人体接触的材料中被限制使用,其他双酚类化合物作为其代替品不断涌现,但其结构和特性相似,双酚类化合物均不同程度地存在雌激素活性和毒性。伴随我国经济快速发展,对双酚类化合物的需求不断增加。作为重点关注的新污染物之一,双酚类污染物在我国居民人体暴露以及不同环境介质中的来源和分布情况值得深入研究。调研了近10年(2014—2024)发表的文献,系统总结了双酚类污染物在我国多种环境介质(地表水、沉积物、土壤)中的来源和分布规律、居民人体暴露情况和健康风险,并提出了双酚类污染物防治方案与政策建议,以期为我国双酚类污染物的环境风险管控与环境治理提供参考依据。

关键词: 双酚类化合物, 内分泌干扰物, 污染分布, 人体暴露, 污染防治策略

Abstract:

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that is widely used in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. Due to its potential harm to human health, its use has been restricted in many materials that come into contact with the human body. Other bisphenol compounds have emerged as alternatives, but they have similar structures and characteristics, with varying degrees of estrogenic activity and toxicity. With the rapid economic development in China, the demand for bisphenol compounds has been increasing, and so has the production capacity. The sources and distribution of bisphenol pollutants are emerging pollutants in various environmental media and human exposure to them in China deserve in-depth research. In this study, we reviewed the literature published in the past ten years (2014—2024), systematically summarized the sources and distribution patterns, human exposure levels, and health risks of bisphenol pollutants in various environmental media (surface water, sediments, and soil), and proposed various control measures and policy recommendations for bisphenol pollutants in China, aiming to provide a reference for the environmental risk control and environmental governance of bisphenol pollutants in China.

Key words: bisphenols, endocrine-disrupting chemical, contamination distribution, human exposure, pollution control measures

中图分类号:

X171

王永峰, 于靖元, 张浩. 我国双酚类化合物在环境介质中的来源与分布及其健康风险综述[J]. 山东科学, 2025, 38(2): 13-27.

WANG Yongfeng, YU Jingyuan, ZHANG Hao. Review of the sources, distribution, and health risks of bisphenol compounds in environmental media in China[J]. Shandong Science, 2025, 38(2): 13-27.

图/表 5

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中文名	英文缩写	CAS号	分子式	log K_ow	溶解度/(mg·L^-1)	主要用途
双酚A	BPA	80-05-7	C₁₅H₁₆O₂	3.32	71	制造聚碳酸酯塑料和环氧树脂
双酚B	BPB	77-40-7	C₁₆H₁₈O₂	4.13	44	生产某些塑料和树脂
双酚E	BPE	2081-08-5	C₁₄H₁₄O₂	3.19	99	生产某些特殊树脂和涂料
双酚F	BPF	620-92-8	C₁₃H₁₂O₂	2.91	200	环氧树脂和其他热固性树脂的硬化剂
双酚P	BPP	2167-51-3	C₂₄H₂₆O₂	6.25	0.59	生产某些塑料和树脂
双酚S	BPS	80-09-1	C₁₂H₁₀O₄S	1.65	350	生产聚碳酸酯塑料和环氧树脂
双酚Z	BPZ	843-55-0	C₁₈H₂₀O₂	5.00	14	生产某些高性能树脂和塑料
双酚AF	BPAF	1478-61-1	C₁₅H₁₀F₆O₂	4.47	21	生产高性能聚合物和特种涂料
双酚AP	BPAP	1571-75-1	C₂₀H₁₈O₂	4.86	13	生产某些特种塑料和树脂
四溴双酚A	TBBPA	79-94-7	C₁₅H₁₂Br₄O₂	4.50	1.26	提高材料的阻燃性能

取样地点		污染物质量浓度^a/(ng·L^-1)										数据来源
取样地点		BPA	BPS	BPF	BPAF	BPB	BPAP	BPZ	BPP	BPE	TBBPA	数据来源
长江三角洲	太湖	28~560 (97)	4.5~1 600 (120)	N.D.~1 600 (140)	0.7~23 (8.2)	N.D.~28 (5.8)	1.0~15 (4.8)	N.D.~17 (3.9)				^[17]
	太湖	19~68 (26)	4.1~160 (16)	26~720 (78)	110~140 (110)	18~46 (20)	1.6~2.9 (1.9)	~17 (17)				^[18]
	骆马湖	49~110 (86)	N.D.~94 (21)	3.5~14 (6.8)	12~84 (17)	6.4~23 (8.8)	4.3~56 (11)	2.7~45 (7.7)				^[17]
	长江		0.18~14.9 (1.39)									^[26]
	秦淮河	120~554 (253)	2.24~73.3 (39.2)	N.D.~4.76 (2.2)	1.5~16.2 (5.1)			N.D.				^[23]
珠江三角洲	珠江 (旱季)	45.8~1 840 (200)	2.16~56.9 (14)	6.54~34.4 (12.2)	N.D.~1.95 (0.31)			N.D.~0.53 (<0.3)	N.D.~0.89 (<0.25)			^[8]
	珠江 (雨季)	118~1 770 (471)	16.6~103 (44.5)	2.16~16.2 (8.94)	N.D.~0.96 (0.35)			N.D.~0.97 (<0.3)	N.D.~0.89 (<0.25)			^[8]
	东江 (旱季)	19~712 (165)	0.07~31 (1.7)	0.98~255 (25.2)	0.62~6.59 (4.2)			N.D.~0.44 (<0.3)	N.D.~0.52 (<0.25)			^[8]
	东江 (雨季)	23.7~2 180 (406)	0.07~133 (12.7)	0.24~19 (6.22)	N.D.~2.58 (1.01)			N.D.~1.09 (<0.3)	N.D.~1.93 (<0.25)			^[8]
	流溪河	75.6~7 480 (922)	19.9~65 600 (3 720)	N.D.~474 (82.8)								^[22]
	珠江口	9.48~173 (24.6)	1.6~59.8 (10.3)	2.37~282 (35)	0.4~3.59 (0.7)	0.17~13.1 (1.51)			0.27~1.53 (0.41)			^[20]
	珠江	13.9~126 (36.9)	N.D.~124.4 (38.7)	N.D.~13.1 (8.3)	N.D.~123.1 (18.3)	N.D.~8.8 (4.6)	N.D.~8.9 (0.65)	N.D.~8 (0.5)	N.D.~2.8 (0.2)	N.D.~2.7 (1.5)		^[19]

取样地点		污染物质量分数^a/(ng·g^-1)																	数据来源
取样地点		BPA	BPS		BPF		BPAF		BPB		BPAP		BPZ		BPP		BPE	TBBPA	数据来源
长三角区域	太湖	1.1~200 (20)		0.31~31 (4.1)		0.54~20 (4.7)		N.D.~0.27 (0.03)		1.1~6.6 (2.2)		0.68~1.2 (0.76)		0.61~1.1 (0.69)					^[17]
	太湖	3.6~270 (32)		0.22~47 (3.1)		3.0~9.5 (12)		11~19 (12)		1.8~4.0 (2.1)		0.16~0.68 (0.29)		1.7~2.6 (2.0)					^[18]
	骆马湖	6.2~9.3 (8.0)		N.D.~0.25 (0.12)		0.68~1.4 (1.0)		N.D.~1.5 (0.94)		N.D.~0.83 (0.36)		0.43~0.62 (0.49)		0.26~0.38 (0.33)					^[17]
	秦淮河 (非汛期)	3.17~137 (14.6)		N.D.~1.05 (0.805)		N.D.~14.9 (3.0)		N.D.		N.D.~3.41 (0.177)		N.D.~0.672 (0.129)							^[6]
	秦淮河 (汛期)	1.80~54.5 (12.2)		N.D.~0.144 (0.007)		N.D.~11.8 (2.88)		N.D.		N.D.~3.39 (0.44)		N.D.~1.42 (0.252)							^[6]
珠江三角洲	珠江(旱季)	118~689 (406)		N.D.~5.6 (1.14)		26.7~341 (123)		N.D.~4.4 (2.19)						N.D.		N.D.~1.81 (<0.34)			^[8]
	珠江(雨季)	145~723 (388)		N.D.~2.35 (<0.55)		16~194 (85.7)		N.D.~3.51 (1.34)						N.D.		N.D.~2.78 (0.43)			^[8]
	东江(旱季)	26.6~1 860 (217)		0.27~0.59 (0.33)		51.4~1 390 (389)		0.25~1.77 (0.59)						N.D.~2.32 (<0.95)		N.D.~1.16 (<0.34)			^[8]
	东江(雨季)	29.8~1 970 (346)		0.27~0.78 (<0.55)		40.9~1 040 (345)		0.25~1.42 (0.82)						N.D.~1.49 (<0.95)		N.D.~1.52 (<0.34)			^[8]
	流溪河	0.11~359 (98.3)		0.06~45.4 (7.25)		0.02~36.4 (11.1)													^[22]
近海区域	北部沿海 (渤海和黄海)	N.D.~116 (1.87)		N.D.~0.389 (0.144)		N.D.~4.37 (1.06)						N.D.~1.89 (0.153)							^[29]
	辽河口	N.D.~68.2 (16.7)																	^[30]
	北部湾	0.56~5.22 (1.58)		N.D.~0.19 (0.05)		N.D.		0.08~0.66 (0.21)		N.D.~0.06 (0.01)									^[21]

取样地点		污染物质量分数^a/ (ng·g^-1)										数据来源
取样地点		BPA	BPS	BPF	BPAF	BPB	BPAP	BPZ	BPP	BPE	TBBPA	数据来源
城镇区域	农田(全国14 个不同区域)	0.2~166 (11.48)	N.D.~0.6 (0.11)^b	N.D.~212.9 (14.45)	N.D.	N.D.~0.5 (0.14)	N.D.~3 (0.51)	N.D.~0.2 (0.01)	N.D.~78.2 (5.32)	N.D.~1.1 (0.24)		^[34]
	城市(全国15 个不同区域)	N.D.~38.7 (4.51)	N.D.~0.3 (0.05)	N.D.~3.7 (0.84)	N.D.~0.2 (0.07)	N.D.~0.3 (0.05)	N.D.~0.5 (0.29)	N.D.	N.D.~6.1 (0.62)	0.4~0.7 (0.53)		^[34]
	农田(张家港)	N.D.~173.75 (14.79)	N.D.~151.53 (7.92)	N.D.~68.49 (4.89)	N.D.~21.63 (1.05)	N.D.~0.76 (0.08)		N.D.~0.7 (0.02)		N.D.~31.56 (0.44)		^[27]
	成都	26.3~553 (113)	0.308~6.67 (1.27)	N.D.~26.5 (2.29)	0.227~7.01 (1.39)	N.D.~13.1 (1.08)	N.D.~18.4 (2.18)	N.D.	N.D.~3.5 (0.37)	N.D.		^[11]
污染场地周边	电子垃圾拆解区域(台州)	N.D.~12.3 (4.59)	0.03~8.35 (2.04)								0.08~8.81 (2.63)	^[35]
	电子垃圾拆解工业园(贵屿)	366~108 000 (2 350)									82.6~98 300 (10 800)	^[36]
	电子垃圾拆解工业园周边(贵屿)	N.D.~4 060 (491)									N.D.~8 490 (293)	^[36]
	电线回收工业园(清远)	N.D.~25 900 (4 820)									25.2~1 230 (270)	^[36]
	电线回收工业园周边(清远)	N.D.~2 400 (396)									1.02~766 (131)	^[36]
	化工园区 (寿光)	N.D.~35.30 (3.83)									N.D.~387 (44.60)	^[36]
	小清河(寿光)	0.19~18.70 (4.61)									0.26~83.70 (17.90)	^[36]