Shandong Science

Exploring preventive measures for COVID-19 based on the existing virus vaccines

SUN Chen, HE Qiu-xia, GAO Yan, ZHANG Lei, LI Ning, LIU Ke-chun

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 1-11. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.001

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The outbreak of COVID-19 is seriously endangering human and public health. It has caused great concern all around the world. The most effective measure to prevent viral diseases is vaccination. But there has no specific vaccine been approved for this disease yet. Considering the serious effect of the epidemic,this article reviewed the related vaccines research on influenza viruses and coronaviruses, and their amino acid sequences were compared. The results show that there are some similarity between the spike of 2019-nCoV and hemagglutinin from influenza A virus and influenza B virus. The hemagglutinin of influenza is the major targets of current commercial sensonal influenza vaccines which imply that vaccines might be beneficial for prevention of COVID-19. Besides that, because of the high similarity between spike and nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV, we believe that the SARS-CoV vaccine may be an alternative that can be used for the control of COVID-19 in the short term.

Prevention and control strategies of COVID-19 based on theory of principle, method and prescription of Treatise on Febrile Diseases

WANG Feng-xia, ZHANG Yun, LIU Ke-chun

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 12-16. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.002

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Based on the theory of principle, method and prescription of Treatise on Febrile Diseases written by Zhang Zhongjing, we analyzed the etiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19(corona virus disease 2019) that is currently prevalent. Reasonable diagnosis and treatment suggestions for prevention and control were proposed. 2019-nCoV is regard as a kind of typhoid virus, and COVID-19 should be defined as what Zhongjing called typhoid, a kind of cold-induced disorders. It is not suitable for the febrile patients infected by 2019-nCoV who are afraid of cold to cool down or diminish inflammation by intravenous fluids. The study could provide valuable guidance for the prevention and control for not only the COVID-19, but also the similar epidemic infectious diseases in the future.

Application of intelligent transportation during joint prevention and control of the epidemic

NIU Ling, JING Yuan-wang, LUO Lin

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 17-21. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.003

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The outbreak of COVID-19 has resulted in the realization of important requirements with respect to the traffic emergency prevention and control system of China. This study discusses the COVID-19 patient transfer problem through intelligent transportation and then proposes algorithms and models for transferring patients to achieve a highly efficient transition between patients and medical resources. A comprehensive application system involving a three-dimensional transportation is established to optimize the match between traffic resources and medical resources, which will maximize the transportation use to connect resources. In addition, this study proposes a joint prevention and control system, discussing the functions of the Internet of Things, the communication technology and traffic control methods during the prevention and control of COVID-19 and patients treatment. Finally, we conclude the functions of traffic planning during the prevention and control of the outbreak of COVID-19 and propose the establishment of a rapid response system for key public health and safety events. The comprehensive application of intelligent transportation technology in this study can be adopted to improve the response and disposal capacity in events of public health and security emergencies.

Control efficacy of Trichoderma wettable powder on tomato Fusarium wilt

LU De-peng, LÜ Yan, WANG Xiao-di, TONG Su-mei, LI Ji-shun, HU Jin-dong

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 22-26. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.004

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To evaluate the control potential of Trichoderma wettable powder against tomato Fusarium wilt, we tested the control efficacy of Trichoderma wettable powder (2×10⁸ cfu/g) on tomato Fusarium wilt in field experiments. The result demonstrated that the use of Trichoderma wettable powder (15 000 g/hm²) could remarkably control Fusarium wilt diseases for tomatoes and the efficacy was maintained at >70% after 90 days of treatment. Therefore, the control efficacy of Trichoderma wettable powder on tomato Fusarium wilt was equivalent to that of the control agent. This was suitable to control tomato Fusarium wilt and could significantly promote the growth of tomatoes.

Fracture failure analysis and process improvement of iron-based powder metallurgy gears

CHEN Yan-fei, SONG Xiao-cun, LAI Hua-sheng, WEN Xiao-qiang, ZHOU Ji-xue

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 27-32. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.005

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The teeth of a powder metallurgy gear were fractured during operation. A large number of globular iron-carbon compounds were found at the fracture site using SEM and EDS analysis, which indicates a weak bonding between powders resulting from an insufficient sintering temperature and duration of the original process. An improved sintering process and a new process of pressing, sintering, quenching, and low-temperature tempering were applied to Fe-1.8Ni-0.5Mo-1.2Cu-0.2C prealloyed powder. The pearlite quantity in the prepared gear is 60, and the new prepared gear comprises tempered martensite and ferrite subsequent to heat treatment. The impact toughness improved from 9.8 J/cm² to 15.2 J/cm².

Experimental investigation of the formation and evolution processes of cell structure in gas counter pressure assisted chemical foaming injection molded parts

LI Shuai , XU Yi-han, SUN Xue-mei, MA Xiao-fei, SUN Cheng-tong , LU Shi-wei, LI Yang

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 33-39. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.006

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Using standard stretch spline as the research object, the influence of gas counter pressure (GCP) and GCP holding time on melt-foaming behavior in chemical foaming injection molding (CFIM) process was investigated. Based on the results obtained from the experiment, the critical GCP pressure under which melt flow front cell was not cracking, the critical GCP pressure under which melt was not foaming, and the pressure release time of melt second foaming were proposed. Finally, the influence mechanism of GCP technology on melt foaming action during CFIM process was revealed.

Performance of the anticorrosive coating of polyolefin adhesive tapesreinforced by fly ash

LU Xi-feng, MAN Jie, ZHANG Xiao-li, YAO Xiang-hua, LI Yun-mang

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 40-45. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.007

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This paper analyzes the chemical composition and structural characteristics of the fly ash in the Jining area, and how it could improve the performance of the anticorrosive coating of polyolefin adhesive tapes with a focus on the influence of the fly ash content on their mechanical properties. The experimental results show that the fly ash is mainly composed of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃, the total mass fraction of which is approximately 88.04%. The mass fraction of CaO is 12.40%. The fly ash is an alkaline ash with a small amount of amorphous vitreous bodies and certain crystal minerals such as quartz, mullite, and hematite in it. Subsequent to adding fly ash, the mechanical properties of the anticorrosive coating of polyolefin adhesive tapes are improved. Subsequent to adding 15 batches of fly ash, the mechanical properties of the test sample are optimal with its tensile strength being 91.93 N/cm. Furthermore, the elongation at fracture is 536.67%, and the peel strength is 33.43 N/cm. Fly ash is an excellent filler that can replace calcium carbonate in the production of the anticorrosive coating of polyolefin adhesive tapes. The study can not only improve the utilization and added value of fly ash, improving the properties of the anticorrosive coating of polyolefin adhesive tapes, but it can also provide a theoretical basis for industrial applications of industrial fly ash in rubber reinforcement.

Quantitative study on energy saving of stamping by servo press

WEN Xiao-yang, GAO Jian-bo, WANG Qi-wu, LI Qi, ZHANG Chuan-jin, LÜ Yan

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 46-53. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.008

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To investigate the energy saving effect of servo press in stamping production, the energy consumption and the slide power of a 6300 kN multi-link mechanical servo press used in the stamping production of washing machines were quantitively measured, and the energy consumption was calculated and analyzed. The results showed that the single energy consumption of the tested press was 0.094 5 kW·h, and the single specific energy consumption was 15.0×10^-6 kW·h/kN. The energy transfer efficiency from the machine input to the slide was 39.5%. Based on these results, the single energy consumption of the tested press was observed to be 86.4% lower than that of the traditional 8000 kN hydraulic press replaced, and the energy transfer efficiency was at least 25% higher than that observed in the literature data. Furthermore, along with its high shaping performance, the proposed method of using servo press technology has also achieved remarkable energy saving effect.

Research on the optimization of a building-type natural gas distributed energy system based on annual dynamic load

LI Bo-wen, FENG Hong-qing, ZHANG Xiao-dong, LI Xue-meng

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 54-62. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.009

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Focusing on the optimization of a building-type natural gas distributed energy system, in this study，the dynamic electric load averaging algorithm and multidimensional iterative algorithm were combined to determine the capacity of a basic generator set. The optimal power range of the generator set was determined to be 2297~2477 kW. Results of the analysis of the project’s energy consumption showed that the primary energy saving ratio of the optimized model increased by 14.3%, the economic cost of energy increased by 20.14%~20.85%, and the comprehensive energy utilization rate was greater than 70%.

Collaborative optimization of train timetabling and rolling stock based on passenger demand

LIN Yu-tong, CAO Cheng-xuan, LIU Yu-tong, FENG Zi-yan

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 63-70. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.010

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The demand for urban railways is increasing with the expansion of the scale of urban rail transit, resulting in a high requirement with respect to the operation quality of urban rail transit services. Given the demand of passengers, this study establishes a mixed integer model to minimize the total passenger waiting time and operational cost of the urban rail system. An annealing algorithm is simulated to design the train timetable and rolling stock schedule for a certain route, and calculations and examples are used to analyze their feasibility. The results denote that the proposed model can be used to design a proper train timetabling and rolling stock scheduling plan based on the passenger demand.

Simultaneous vehicle and crew schedule optimization of express buses for high-speed railways considering work-time window

LI Kai-ming, SONG Rui, GUO Xiao-le

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 71-78. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.011

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In this study, the integrated vehicle and crew scheduling problem of express buses on high-speed railways is studied owing to the lack of appropriate operational approaches for this new type of public transport service product. To benefit from the flexibility of express buses for high-speed railways, the work-time window constraint is introduced to meet the work-time requirements of the crew. An integrating optimization model for vehicle and crew scheduling is built. Then, the optimal vehicle and crew scheduling program is validated with real-time examples. Results show that this integrated optimization model is better than the traditional multiple route optimize independently. Operating costs are reduced by approximately 8.98% compared with the original operation schedule and approximately 4.73% compares with the independent optimization using this integrated optimization model, while the number of crew is also reduced. Furthermore, the accuracy and the satisfactory results of the model in solving the integrated vehicle and crew scheduling problem of express buses for high-speed railway are verified herein.

Dynamic pricing strategy of ride-hailing platforms

HU Tian-yu, ZHANG Yong

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 79-90. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.012

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In reality, the ride-hailing market is characterized by randomness, and the static pricing strategy of the platform cannot adjust to instantaneous imbalances in the system between available driver supply and passenger demand. To this end, from the dual perspective of the government and ride-hailing platforms, the platform dynamic pricing strategy based on social welfare and profit maximization is studied in terms of the platform, drivers, and passengers. The queuing theory and the birth-death process are used to describe the flow process of drivers in ride-hailing platforms, and the social welfare maximization and platform profit maximization model under dynamic pricing is constructed by introducing the psychological expected price curve of passengers and drivers. The Brouwer fixed-point theorem is used to examine the existence of the model solution. Based on the sequential quadratic programming method, the algorithm is used to solve the model, and the platform pricing and driver profit-sharing to maximize social welfare and platform profit of the ride-hailing system are obtained and compared. Research shows that the established model not only calculates the optimal pricing strategy of the platform but also analyzes the impact of changes in basic parameters (average ride time, expected passenger/driver psychological price distribution, etc.) on the pricing strategy of the platforms.

Research on an evaluation index of urban road intersection congestion based on road condition data

YAO Guang-zheng , CAI Chuan-ci , ZHAO Lu-cheng, YE Kai-feng

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 91-96. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.013

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In this paper, the total intersection delay time index and the single direction maximum delay time index are proposed.A simplified congestion evaluation index model is established using data acquired from navigation software regarding road condition, queue length, and the number of lanes at each entrance. The applicability of the model is verified against examples of intersections of Beijing. The congestion level of the example intersections is ranked on the basis of the total delay time index and the single direction delay time index.The result is consistent with the actual data. When compared with traditional intersection evaluation indexes, the intersection delay time index fully utilizes big data from navigation software to avoid tedious onsite investigation, has strong scalability in operation and practicability, and provides more reliable theoretical support to urban managers in the decision-making process of intersection reconstruction.

Spatial-Temporal evolution of national air pollutants based on DMSP/OLS data

WU Yun-qing, TAO Yu-ting, ZHANG Yun-peng, MA Jing

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 97-105. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.014

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Based on DMSP/OLS night-time light remote sensing imagery, the authors selected four years from the fourteen-year period of 2000 to 2013 to perform image acquisition and correction and extract data including the total amount of the light and the area of the light. Based on the annual growth of the light data, the differences among regions in the country were analyzed, and the correlation analysis was performed with regard to air pollutants. Experimental results show that：(1) As a whole, the amount of night-time light has increased nationwide, and the range of increase was affected by the policies of the relevant year. (2) There is a positive correlation between the total amount of night-time light and the air pollutants, and the correlation coefficient between the two is high. The correlation between industrial air pollutants and night light is decreasing, whereas the correlation between domestic air pollutants and night light is increasing. (3) The consistency between the total amount of night-time light and air pollution high/high concentration area has steadily enhanced. In this paper, we combine the night-time light imagery data and air pollution data to explore the temporal and spatial evolution of air pollutants through the comparison of the variations of night-time light data and provide a novel perspective for the comprehensive treatment of air pollution in China.

Coagulation effect and sludge settlement performance of polyferric titanium water purifier

HUANG Xin, SU Man-man, FU Ying

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 106-112. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.015

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Polyferric titanium water purification agent (I-PTF) was prepared from ilmenite and its microscopic properties were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The water purification effect and sludge settling performance of I-PTF were studied through beaker and sludge settling experiment. The morphology of sludge was observed using a fluorescence microscope. Results showed that the removal rate of CODCr by I-PTF was better than polyaluminium chloride (PAC). When the dosage was 168 mg/L, the removal rate of COD_Cr by I-PTF was 22%,and it was higher than that of PAC. Compared with PAC, the sludge volume reduction rate by I-PTF was more than 80%, and its settling speed was faster. The settling could be completed in approximately 11 minutes. The flocs formed using I-PTF were more compact and the boundary was clearer.

Chloride ion concentration characteristics in rivers and its effect on water quality monitoring in Dongying

CHEN Jin-peng, SUN Na, LIU Chuan-qiu, LI Dong-dong, LI Hui-juan

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 113-120. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.016

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To comprehensively monitor and analyze the distribution of chloride concentrations in river water as well as to understand its effect on environmental quality monitoring in Dongying, the chloride concentrations in 38 river sections of Dongying were continuously monitored in 2018. The results showed that the monthly chloride concentrations in six sections were less than 1000 mg/L, twenty sections’ concentrations were in the range of 1000~2000 mg/L, six sections’ concentrations in the range of 2000~3000 mg/L and the remaining six sections’ concentrations above 3000 mg/L. This indicates that the river water of Dongying has high chlorion content; the concentration of chlorion also greatly varied with the location of the sections (upstream or downstream) and the time of sampling. Chloride can cause positive interference to certain monitoring items or lead to the inapplicability of certain monitoring methods, especially for COD, ammonia nitrogen, permanganate index and other items. Therefore, the influence of chlorion on environmental quality analysis must be carefully considered, and a series of measures must be taken to eliminate the influence of chloride during water quality monitoring for the rivers of Dongying.

Methodology validation for the analysis of genotoxic impurity in erlotinib hydrochloride with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

LIU Lan-qi, ZHAO Yan-fang, XIE Han-yi, WANG Shan-shan, CHEN Xiang-feng

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 121-125. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.017

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A method was established for the determination of genotoxic impurity.in erlotinib hydrochloride(3-ethynylaniline) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Using the ESI ion source positive ion multireaction monitoring (MRM) mode,the ion pairs 118→75 and 118→91 were selected and measured. The chromatographic column was Thermo Hyperiil GOLD C8(100 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm),the mobile phase was methanol and waterfor gradient elution,the flow rate was 0.4 mL/min,and the column temperature is 35℃.Results showed that the detection mass concentration of 3-ethynylaniline in this method had a good linear relationship in the range of 1.0 to 20 ng/mL, with R²=0.999 4.The relative standard deviation(n=6) of the precision experiment was 1.13%,and the recoveries of standard additions (n=3) at low,medium,and high concentrations were between 90.1% and 106.1%.The method exhibited high sensitivity,specificity,and precision,and it met the requirement for the determination of 3-acetyleniline,a genotoxic impurity in erlotinib hydrochloride tablets.

Implementation of microsample pH measurement

DONG Jian, XU Shi-yu, HUANG Shen-hao, HE Jia-qi, HU Jie, XI Liang-yan, WANG Yan-wei

Shandong Science. 2020, 33(2): 126-130. doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2020.02.018

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A microsample pH meter was prepared by modifying Iridium oxide thin film on a microelectrode using an electrochemical method. In the measurement process, the potential difference between the test and reference electrode was determined by dropping only approximately 3~5 μL solution on the electrode which with small volume. Then, data was obtained using a data acquisition card. The potential difference signal is converted into a digital signal, and the pH value is output with the Matlab software fitting curve. The measurement results of microsample pH meter are consistent with those of commercial pH meters. The electrode is convenient,and high sensitivity and good reproducibility, and it has superiority in the analysis of rare and expensive samples biological samples. Therefore, it has broad development prospects.

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