Abstract: The effects of compound fertilizer replaced by compound microbial fertilizers in different proportions on rhizosphere soil environment and yield of peanut were studied by field experiment. Results showed that, compared with conventional fertilization (100% compound fertilizer), compound fertilizer replaced from 30% to 70% by compound microbial fertilizers, significantly increased the total amount of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil of peanut at seedling and maturity stage, and the number of bacteria and actinomycetes in rhizosphere increased gradually with the growth of peanut, while the number of fungi showed the opposite tendency. Meanwhile the activities of soil catalase, dehydrogenase, neutral phosphatase and sucrase at seedling stage were significantly increased, while the activities of soil urease were decreased at 50% and 70% substitution levels. However, the activities of soil urease and sucrase were decreased, while dehydrogenase was increased at maturity stage by different substitution ratios. The content of soil alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen decreased, but the total nitrogen content increased at seedling and pod stage, meanwhile，soil organic matter and soil available potassium increased at each growth stage, and soil available phosphorus concentration at pod and mature stage. When the substitution amount was 50%, the yield was increased by 5.23%, consequently realizing the effect of increasing yield by enriched soil.

Key words: compound microbial fertilizer, soil microorganism, soil enzyme activities, soil nutrient