Table of Content

20 August 2023 Volume 36 Issue 4

  

Oceanographic Science, Technology and Equipment

Wave sensor fault diagnosis method based on t-SNE reduction and KNN algorithm

TAI Peng, SONG Miaomiao, WANG Bo, CHEN Shizhe, FU Xiao, HU Wei, GAO Saiyu, CHENG Kaiyu, ZHENG Shanshan, JIAO Zixuan, WANG Longfei

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  1-9.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.001

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This study proposes an efficient wave sensor fault diagnosis method based on wavelet packet decomposition, dimension reduction, and k-nearest neighbor algorithm(KNN) classification network to address the difficulty of wave sensor fault diagnosis, unidentifiable fault types, and time-consuming diagnosis. First, the standard deviation of the original signal is normalized. The normalized data is then subjected to a three-layer wavelet packet decomposition. The extracted feature vectors represent normalized data from the eight bands on layer 3. The second step involves using the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) algorithm to reduce the dimension of the feature data. Finally, the dimension-reduced feature data is input into the KNN classification network for fault classification and detection. Experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the accuracy and diagnosis speed of the wave sensor fault diagnosis, with a diagnosis accuracy of up to 93.55% for normal and six faulty conditions.

Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Active Products

Effect of different slicing methods on the drying characteristics of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma

WANG Yuchen, CUI Li, ZHAO Hengqiang, LU Heng, LIU Wei, WANG Xiao

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  10-17.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.002

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To explore the effect of different slicing methods on the drying characteristics of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma, the hot air drying at 40 ℃ and traditional air drying at room temperature were performed and the results were compared. Furthermore, the effect of different slicing methods (circular cutting and 45° oblique cutting) and slice thickness (2, 4, and 6 mm) on the drying characteristics of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma were investigated. Several water-loss kinetic models were adopted to quantitatively describe the drying characteristics. Results showed that the drying was mainly a falling rate period. The drying rate decreased with the decrease of the moisture content of the dry basis. Furthermore, the larger the slice thickness, the lower the drying rate and the longer the drying time. According to statistical parameters, the Page model predicted and described the drying process more accurately than others. The predicted value of the model was in good agreement with the experimental value, and it could well describe the drying process for different slicing methods. The research provides a guidance for further investigating Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix Et Rhizoma.

Study on the quality standard of vinegar-processed Knoxiae Radix

CHEN Xi, GAO Yan, WANG Yanghai, JIA Mingqian, ZHANG Yue, MA Lulan, ZHAO Bonian

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  18-28.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.003

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The study aimed to conduct a comprehensive study on the quality requirements for Knoxiae Radix processed with vinegar and to offer technical support for the formulation of the standard of Shandong Province Chinese herbal medicine processing specification. On the basis of the quality standard of vinegar-processed Knoxiae Radix in Shandong Province Chinese herbal medicine processing specification (2012), 29 batches of Knoxiae Radix samples were collected. Following vinegar processing, the parameters including characteristics, moisture, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extract content, microscopic, and thin layer and content determination were systematically studied and analyzed and the relevant limits were formulated. The project was established on the basis of the current quality standard, in which the microscopic identification, and the lucidin content determination were added, and the extractum item were revised when compared with current quality standard. This study established the Knoxiae Radix quality control index after vinegar processing. The established method of quality control is simple, reproducible, and accurate which can be used for quality control of vinegar-processed Knoxiae Radix.

Quality risk evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine preparations based on the value of the feeding standard

WU Weikui, YAN Qianru, GU Bingming, LIU Jia, SONG Wei

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  29-34.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.004

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The mathematical formula for calculating the value of the feeding standard was developed, and the mode of quality risk management in traditional Chinese medicine preparations was constructed. The contents of peucedane A and peucedane B in three preparations containing Peucedani Radix (eight batches from four manufacturers) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography; the feeding standard values were calculated; and the quality risks of the preparations were evaluated. The quality risks of preparations were divided into four categories based on the value of the feeding standard, allowing for an effective evaluation of the risks of preparations. The established method can be used to evaluate the standardization of preparation feeding and detect quality risks in real time, providing a decision-making basis for risk classification management.

Traffic and Transportation

Forecast analysis of the quality markers of Zingiberis Rhizoma based on fingerprints and network pharmacology

FU Mengya, AO Huihao, BU Chao, PENG Tangyi, WU Deling, HAN Yanquan, HONG Yan

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  35-41.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.005

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To analyze and predict the potential quality markers (Q-Marker) in Zingiberis Rhizoma based on fingerprints and network pharmacological methods. The fingerprints of 10 batches of Zingiberis Rhizoma slices were established by ultra performance liquid chromatography and the common peaks were identified; then the network diagram of active ingredient target pathway was constructed by network pharmacological method to predict the quality markers of Zingiberis Rhizoma; and the bioactivity of Q-Marker was verified by molecular docking method. Fingerprints of 10 batches of dried ginger were established, and 17 peaks were identified. Five chromatographic peaks were identified by the reference substances of Zingiberis Rhizoma, which were 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, 6-shogaol, and 8-shogaol. The results of network pharmacology showed that these 5 components can act on 35 core targets, and 20 key pathways which play an anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant role. Molecular docking showed that these 5 components had strong binding capacity with core targets and had good biological activity. It was preliminarily predicted that these five substances could be used as quality markers of dried ginger. Predicting the quality markers of Zingiberis Rhizoma by fingerprint and network pharmacology analysis will provide a reference for the quality control of Zingiberis Rhizoma and for further study on its pharmacodynamic mechanism.

The mechanism of Gandouling tablet in alleviating hepatolenticular degeneration neuroinflammation via the regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway

WEN Yuya, DONG Ting, JIANG Zhangsheng, CHEN Jie, TIAN Liwei, ZHAO Chenling, TANG Lulu

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  42-51.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.006

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This study aimed to investigate the effect of Gandouling tablet on neuroinflammation in hepatolenticular degeneration in TX mice and mechanism of generating CuCl₂-induced microglia inflammatory response based on TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. TX mice were divided into control, model, Gandouling tablet low-dose, Gandouling tablet medium-dose, Gandouling tablet high-dose, and penicilamine groups. BV2 cells were divided into control, model, Gandouling tablet, TAK-242, and Gandouling tablet + TAK-242 groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to detect histopathological changes in the hippocampus of mice in each group. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of TLR4, p65, NLRP3, and IL-1β in hippocampal tissue and BV2 cells of mice in each group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to quantify TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in hippocampal tissue and BV2 cells of mice in each group. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of TLR4, p65, NLRP3, TNF-α, and IL-1β mRNA in all groups of BV2 cells. Compared with the control group, hippocampal tissue in the model group showed considerable inflammatory damage; increased protein expressions of TLR4, p65, NLRP3, and IL-1β; and significantly increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the pathological damage of hippocampal tissue improved in both Gandouling tablet and penicillamine groups, and the effect of Gandouling tablet in the Gandouling tablet high-dose group was more prominent than that in the other groups. The Gandouling tablet and TAK-242 groups inhibited the activation of BV2 cells. Additionally, the expression of TLR4, p65, NLRP3, and IL-1β protein and mRNA were significantly reduced in these two groups as compared with the model group, and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Gandouling tablet can alleviate hippocampal inflammation and inhibit CuCl₂-induced hyperactivation of BV2 cells in TX mice probably by downregulating TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

Exploring the mechanism of Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction in treating Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology

YIN Zhipeng, GAO Yunyun, LIU Wenwen, GUO Pengbo, ZHAO Yinghui

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  52-60.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.007

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This study aimed to analyze the active ingredients of Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction and its molecular mechanism in treating Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis using network pharmacology and molecular docking. The drug active compounds, drug target genes, and disease-related targets of H. pylori-associated gastritis in Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction were screened using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform, GeneCards database, and OMIM database, and the drug targets and disease-related targets were analyzed using Venn analysis. Cytoscape software and STRING database were used to construct drug-compound potential target interaction network and protein-protein interaction network, respectively. Gene Ontology function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis were performed for intersection targets using the DAVID database. The key components and targets were docked using AutoDock PyMOL and other software. The apoptosis rate was determined with Jimsa staining and CCK-8 assay, and the expressions of the related target proteins were detected with western blot. Finally, 122 active compounds, such as quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol, in Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction were screened out. These genes may be involved in the treatment of H. pylori-associated gastritis by acting on 101 potential targets, such as STAT3, TP53, and AKT1, as well as 109 pathways, such as toll-like receptor, TNF, and T-cell receptor signaling pathways. Molecular docking showed that quercetin, β-sitosterol, and luteolin had good affinity for the target proteins STAT3, TP53, and AKT1. Compared with the model group, after treatment with Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction, the nuclear hyperchromism of GES-1 cells was enhanced, the apoptosis rate was significantly decreased, and the expression of p-STAT3 was also significantly decreased. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction exerts antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of H. pylori-associated gastritis in multiple ways via multiple components and targets.

Protective effect and mechanism of quercetin on adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome in rats

SONG Zeyu, LI Zhenyuan, PAN Tao, MENG Xiangting, LI Song, DONG Hailun, FAN Huaying

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  61-68.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.008

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To investigate the protective effect of quercetin on nephrotic syndrome model rats. Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) male rats were selected, and a single tail vein injection of adriamycin 6.5 mg/kg was used to induce nephrotic syndrome in the rat model. Urine was collected to determine 24 h urine protein concentrations, and the contents of blood biochemical serum total protein and albumin, total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and renal function markers (blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine) were analyzed. The pathological changes in renal tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the ultrastructure of renal podocytes. Western blot was used to detect the expression of desmin, nephrin, and synaptopodin in renal tissue. The results showed that quercetin effectively alleviated 24 h urinary protein in nephrotic syndrome model rats, significantly improved blood biochemical indicators and renal function injury, and alleviated pathological changes in renal tissue and the foot process fusion of renal podocytes. Simultaneously, quercetin can reduce the expression of desmin and increase the expression of nephrin and synaptopodin. Quercetin can effectively treat nephrotic syndrome model rats induced by adriamycin, and it may play a protective role by stabilizing the normal structure and function of podocytes.

Optimization study on customized bus stop location and fare considering carbon tax

CAO Hong, REN Hualing

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  69-79.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.009

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To study the influence of carbon tax on the relation between residents' commuting travel choices and social welfare in the process of optimizing customized bus fares for commuter corridors, a two-tier planning model that considers the flexible passenger flow demand and overall social welfare of corridors is established. The upper layer of the model decides the departure location and customized bus fare, and the lower layer is the flexible demand passenger flow allocation model, considering both customized bus and private carbon the commuter corridor. From the perspective of residents' travel satisfaction, the relationship between random passenger flow demand and ticket price was analyzed in the context of carbon tax. According to different passenger departure points, the passenger flow demand is refined as the input of the passenger flow allocation model of the lower elastic demand. Considering the relationship among the passenger flow demand, road congestion, passenger satisfaction, and social welfare, the welfare of corridor passenger transportation system is set as the optimization goal of the upper model. The measurement statistical analysis and particle swarm algorithm are used to solve the two-layer programming model. The calculation results show that the optimized social welfare is considerably improved, the road traffic conditions are significantly improved, and the progressive carbon tax shows positive effect on increasing the sharing rate of customized buses. Under the carbon tax setting, the optimized customized bus fares and departure locations can serve social welfare and reduce the operating costs of urban passenger transportation systems.

Route optimization for emergency evacuation vehicles in case of rail station closure

ZHANG Yiguo, QU Yunchao, YIN Haodong, WU Jianjun

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  80-88.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.010

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To address the problem of emergency evacuation of stranded passengers outside a rail station in case of its closure, this paper designs an evacuation route map, which allows passengers along the line to avail the emergency evacuation vehicles and facilitates the overall evacuation process. To minimize the total cost of vehicle operation and passenger time, this work proposes a route optimization model for emergency evacuation vehicles and improves the adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm to implement the model based on the characteristics of the problem. Finally, based on the urban traffic data of Beijing, we designed routes for emergency evacuation vehicles, analyzed their sensitivity, and verified the model and algorithm with specific examples. The results show that compared with the shortest route algorithm, the optimization results of the proposed model can reduce passengers' travelling time by 15.02%, allowing them to evacuate rapidly while ensuring their experience and improving emergency management systems in case of rail station closure.

Traffic-driven epidemic spreading in two-layer coupled networks

SUN Xuexin, LING Xiang

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  89-96.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.011

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Current studies on epidemic spreading in multilayer networks are conducted on static networks. However, most of the real-world networks exhibit temporal properties, and extensive research on epidemic spreading in dynamic multilayer networks is not yet done. This work investigates the epidemic spreading behavior of epidemic and information interactions in a two-layer network model combining dynamic and static networks. It was found that the network structure, routing strategy, information transmission probability, and degree of epidemic suppression had a significant impact on the threshold of epidemic spreading. When information completely suppresses the epidemic, the self-awareness rate can effectively control the scale of the epidemic infection. This paper also studies the interaction between epidemic spreading and traffic dynamics by adjusting the node movement speed and contact radius of the dynamic network of thee pidemic layer and finds that the epidemic spreading threshold decreases as the node movement speed increases, whereas the outbreak of the epidemic is effectively suppressed as the contact radius increases.

Environment and Ecology

Preparation and performance of sustained-release encapsulated gel breaker

HUANG Xiaolei, DING Wei

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  97-103.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.012

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During oilfield workover, it is necessary to control the gel breaking speed of the temporary plugging agent, so that the gel is not broken during the workover to ensure the completion of the operation and is broken quickly after the workover to resume production. For traditional gel breakers, it is difficult to achieve a slow release at the initial stage and a fast release at the late of the workover. This paper describes a cellulose-based sustained-release encapsulated gel breaker with a double-layer film. This gel breaker is evenly mixed with molted Carnauba wax and the solid dispersion pellet is made using the extrusion-speronization method. In the Wurster fluidized bed, a double-layer film with different components is put on the pellet to prepare the sustained-release encapsulated gel breaker. The result of the orthogonal test shows that this method is reliable, the yield of the pellet is 93.2%. SEM result shows that the film on the surface of the pellet is smooth and uniform, and the sealing and unblocking of the film pores are crucial to sustained-release. The results of sustained-release test and simulation test of reservoir gel breaking exhibit that the sustained-release encapsulated gel breaker has an excellent controlled-release effect and reservoir permeability recovery effect. Herein, the preparation method is simple and efficient. The sustained-release of drugs is mainly controlled by the double-layer film.

Characteristics of spatiotemporal variation of monthly-scale extreme precipitation in Shandong Province under climate warming

ZOU Jin, LI Jun, GAO Li

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  104-113.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.013

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To reveal the multiscale variation law of extreme precipitation events under climate warming, based on the daily precipitation data of the National Meteorological Station from 1961 to 2020, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of extreme precipitation events on the monthly scale in Shandong Province were analyzed using the percentile relative threshold method. The results show that the monthly-scale extreme precipitation events in Shandong Province mainly occurred in July and August with the annual frequency bigger than 40%. The annual frequency showed a decreasing trend as one moves from southeast to northwest regions. The annual frequency and precipitation of extreme precipitation events increased in most areas for all seasons except autumn and considerably increased in winter. After the mid-1980s, extreme precipitation events have generally increased and intensified, and their interannual changes have increased significantly. The intensity of extreme precipitation in summer and winter increased significantly by 10 mm to 20 mm during 10 years in summer in the central, southwestern, and peninsular areas of Shandong and 20% to 50% in winter months in Shandong province. The precipitation instability generally increases under climate warming in Shandong, and it is necessary to strengthen early warning and defense services for disaster risks such as rainstorm, flood, and blizzard.

Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of air pollution and potential source areas in winter of Jinan

WANG Zhifei, WANG Zaifeng, LÜ Chen, FU Huaxuan, BIAN Meng, SUN Fengjuan, ZHANG Wenjuan

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  114-121.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.014

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Using the datasets of major air pollutants and meteorological observations during the winter from 2016 to 2018 in Jinan, the characteristics of air pollution were analyzed to identify the major transport pathway of airmass. The results showed that during the winter from 2016 to 2018 in Jinan, about 63.8% and 34.7% of the major pollutants were PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, respectively. Of the total number of days, 58.6% had a pollution level worse than good polluted. The annual average concentration of PM_2.5 increased by 7.5 μg/m³ due to its high concentration in the winter. In terms of spatial distribution, the concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were high inTianqiao District, Huaiyin District, and Pingyin County; the concentration of SO₂ was high in Shanghe County and Jiyang District; and the concentrations of NO₂ and CO were high in Jiyang District, Tianqiao District and Huaiyin District. The results also showed that ρ(NO₂), ρ(CO), ρ(PM₁₀), and ρ(PM_2.5) had a positive correlation, with all r >0.7. It was inferred that traffic source, industrial combustion source, and burning coal were the major sources of particulate matter. The airmass in the winter of Jinan came from south, northwest, north, and east, and the airmass from south and east were the major transport pathway of air pollution. Further analyses of the potential source contribution and concentration weight showed that the air pollution in Jinan City was affected by the local and surrounding cities, and the current air pollution presents the characteristics of cross-contamination across regions. Therefore, a supervision and coordination mechanism for the joint prevention and control of air pollution in the region should be established to coordinate research and solve growing problems of air pollution.

Review on the analytical technique for antimony speciation in environmental media

XU Lei, ZHAO Rusong, JING Chuanyong, WANG Xia

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  122-133.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.015

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This study reviews the speciation analysis methods of antimony indifferent environmental media in recent years. Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry is widely used in the antimony speciation analysis because of its advantages such as low detection limit, high sensitivity, and good stability. Before the speciation analysis, extracting different forms of antimony from a complex matrix and maintaining its valence stability are essential. This can be achieved by combining the sensitive detection technology, efficient sample pretreatment techniques, and separation methods. In recent years, the combined techniques have been widely used for the determination of antimony in various environmental samples. Moreover, the challenges in this field and the development prospect of antimony speciation analysis method are discussed.

Study on biodrying plant-fiber agricultural wastes mixed with storage sludge

LIU Tiantian, WANG Mengfei, WU Xiaosu, JIAO Youquan, WEN Jiangli

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(4):  134-140.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.04.016

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In this study, common plant-fiber agricultural wastes (corn stalks, peanut shells, and straw) were mixed to storage sludge as bulking agents to study their biodrying performance. Four experimental groups were used, namely, corn stalks, peanut shells, straw, and a control group. Results showed that plant-fiber agricultural wastes could be used as bulking agents in the biodrying process of storage sludge, and the straw group performed best. The straw pile reached a maximum temperature of 57.5 ℃, and the moisture content decreased from 71.83% to 60.01%. The mass fraction of volatile solids (VS) decreased from 62.01% to 52.02%, and the mass ratio of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) showed a decreasing trend with the largest decrease. The w(DOC)/w(DON) gradually decreased during the biodrying process, and the ratio of the straw pile decreased from 4.29 to 2.53, indicating that biodrying could stabilize the materials.