油田含聚污水在换热表面的结垢特性研究

doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240061

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

结垢会显著降低传热效率、危害设备运行安全,是能源高效转化和利用过程中的常见问题。近年来随着聚合物驱油技术的应用,采出液中的聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)造成的结垢问题逐渐引发关注。HPAM环境下结垢过程更为复杂,污垢更为顽固。针对换热设备表面的含聚污水结垢问题,研究了换热表面温度、HPAM质量浓度、水解度、溶液矿化度和表面粗糙度等因素对结垢速率的影响,获得了含聚污水在换热表面的结垢规律。发现聚合物质量浓度是影响含聚污水结垢速率的最主要因素,结垢速率随HPAM质量浓度增加而先减后增,HPAM对结垢速率存在相互拮抗的两方面作用。结垢速率随换热表面温度升高而增加,且沸腾能加速表面结垢速率,此外,存在一个HPAM水解度临界值使得结垢速率最高,而表面粗糙度对结垢速率却无明显影响。

关键词: 聚丙烯酰胺, 含聚污垢, 换热表面, 结垢速率

Abstract:

Fouling is a common problem in the efficient conversion and utilization of energy as it significantly reduces heat transfer efficiency and jeopardizes the operational safety of equipment. In recent years, with the application of polymer oil drive technology in recent years, the fouling problem caused by HPAM in the recovered fluid has gradually attracted attention. Scaling processes are more complex and fouling is more stubborn in HPAM-containing environments than in HPAM-free environments. Herein, to address the fouling of polymer-bearing wastewater on the surface of heat-exchanger equipment, we experimentally investigated the impacts of factors such as heat-exchanger surface temperature, HPAM mass concentration, hydrolysis degree, fluid salinity, and surface roughness on the fouling rate and identified the fouling patterns of polymer-bearing wastewater on such surfaces. It was found that polymer concentration is the most important factor affecting the fouling rate of polymer-bearing wastewater. The fouling rate decreases and then increases with increasing HPAM mass concentration, and HPAM exerts an antagonistic effect on the fouling rate. The fouling rate increases with increasing heat-exchanger surface temperature, and boiling accelerates the surface fouling rate. In addition, there is a critical degree of HPAM hydrolysis at which the fouling rate is the highest, while the surface roughness has no significant effect on scaling rate.

Key words: polyacrylamide, polymer-bearing wastewater, heat-exchanger surface, fouling rate

中图分类号:

TE345

李凤名, 高亚洁, 韦正楠, 杨勇, 焦斌, 马永. 油田含聚污水在换热表面的结垢特性研究[J]. 山东科学, 2025, 38(4): 106-117.

LI Fengming, GAO Yajie, WEI Zhengnan, YANG Yong, JIAO Bin, MA Yong. Research on fouling characteristics of oil-field polymer-bearing wastewater on the surface of heat-exchanger equipment[J]. Shandong Science, 2025, 38(4): 106-117.

图/表 22

表1

工质水质分析"

检测项目	检测结果	检测项目	检测结果
ρ(Na⁺)/(mg·L^-1)	5 318	温度/℃	45
ρ(K⁺)/(mg·L^-1)	150.9	pH	7
ρ(Ca²⁺)/(mg·L^-1)	681.7	ρ(溶解氧)/(mg·L^-1)	0
ρ(Mg²⁺)/(mg·L^-1)	155.7	ρ(游离二氧化碳)/(mg·L^-1)	45
ρ(Sr²⁺)/(mg·L^-1)	0	ρ(硫化物)/(mg·L^-1)	0.76
ρ(Ba²⁺)/(mg·L^-1)	0	ρ(含油量)/(mg·L^-1)	115.3
ρ(Fe²⁺)/(mg·L^-1)	2.6	ρ(悬浮物)/(mg·L^-1)	18.2
ρ(Cl^-)/(mg·L^-1)	8 808.4	粒径中值/μm	4.1
ρ( $SO 4 2 -$ )/(mg·L^-1)	34	平均腐蚀速率/(mm·a^-1)	0.037
ρ(F^-)/(mg·L^-1)	0	原菌/(个·mL^-1)	25
ρ( $NO 3 -$ )/(mg·L^-1)	0	铁细菌/(个·mL^-1)	0
ρ( $CO 3 2 -$ )/(mg·L^-1)	0	腐生菌/(个·mL^-1)	2.5
ρ( $HCO 3 -$ )/(mg·L^-1)	629.7	矿化度/(个·mL^-1)	15 773

表1

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表2

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图9

图10

表3

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表4

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表5

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表6

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图16

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试剂名称	质量浓度/(mg·L^-1)
NaHCO₃	868.80
NaCl	12 905.91
CaCl₂	1 888.94

实验方案编号	砂纸粒度/目	表面粗糙度R_a/μm
1	60	0.515
2	120	0.375
3	220	0.283
4	400	0.156
5	600	0.106

实验方案编号	NaHCO₃质量浓度/ (mg·L^-1)	CaCl₂质量浓度/ (mg·L^-1)	NaCl质量浓度/ (mg·L^-1)	矿化度/ (mg·L^-1)
1	868.8	1 888.9	0	2 757.7
2	868.8	1 888.9	4 302.0	7 059.7
3	868.8	1 888.9	8 604.0	11 361.7
4	868.8	1 888.9	12 905.9	15 663.6

实验方案编号	HPAM水解度/%	HPAM质量浓度/(mg·L^-1)
1	0	800
2	20	800
3	30	800
4	40	800
5	100	800

实验方案编号	换热管材料	材料热导率/(W·m^-1·K^-1)	HPAM质量浓度/(mg·L^-1)
1	304不锈钢	16.3	0
2	304不锈钢	16.3	800
3	TA1钛合金	7.95	0
4	TA1钛合金	7.95	800
5	紫铜	398	0
6	紫铜	398	800
7	铝合金	201	0
8	铝合金	201	800