环境和食品样品中药物及个人护理品的污染现状及样品前处理分析技术

doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.20240114

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)残留作为一类新兴有机污染物,其组分具有内分泌干扰性、伪持久性及生态毒性。鉴于其在医疗、畜牧及化妆品等行业的广泛应用,近年来,PPCPs在地表水、地下水、工业污泥乃至牛奶等食品中被频繁检出,引发人们对其安全性的高度关注。然而,由于PPCPs在实际样品中残留浓度极低,且存在复杂的基质效应,其直接定量分析面临诸多困难。因此,在进行仪器分析前,需借助行之有效的样品前处理方法对PPCPs进行富集分析。首先系统介绍了PPCPs的危害与污染现状,并对双酚和非甾体抗炎药这两种典型PPCPs的污染情况展开详细说明。其次列举了几种样品前处理技术,结合新型吸附剂材料,展示其在PPCPs分析检测中的应用,同时探讨新型吸附材料的发展趋势。最后总结PPCPs在分析检测过程中可能遇到的障碍和挑战。

关键词: 药物及个人护理品, 新污染物, 样品前处理, 新型吸附剂

Abstract:

Residues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are an emerging class of organic contaminants known for their endocrine-disrupting properties, pseudo-persistence, and ecotoxicity. Because of their wide application in the medical, animal husbandry, and cosmetic industries, PPCPs have been frequently detected in surface water, groundwater, industrial sludge, and even food such as milk in recent years, raising significant concerns about their safety. However, because PPCPs are present at very low concentrations in real samples and are affected by complex matrix effects, direct quantitative analysis is challenging. Therefore, before instrumental analysis, effective sample pretreatment methods are required for the enrichment analysis of PPCPs. In recent years, many novel materials have been developed for the extraction of trace contaminants. First, this paper provides a systematic introduction to the hazards and contamination status of PPCPs, followed by a detailed discussion of the contamination of two typical PPCPs: bisphenols and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Second, it lists several sample pretreatment techniques, highlighting the application of novel adsorbent materials in PPCP analysis and detection, while also exploring the development trends of these new adsorbent materials. Finally, the paper summarizes the obstacles and challenges that may be encountered in the analysis and detection of PPCPs.

Key words: pharmaceuticals and personal care products, emerging contaminants, sample pretreatment, novel adsorbents

中图分类号:

X171

马金燕, 赵汝松. 环境和食品样品中药物及个人护理品的污染现状及样品前处理分析技术[J]. 山东科学, 2025, 38(2): 28-40.

MA Jinyan, ZHAO Rusong. Current status of contamination of environmental and food samples with pharmaceutical and personal care products and sample pretreatment analytical techniques[J]. Shandong Science, 2025, 38(2): 28-40.

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类型	名称	优点	缺点	参考文献
传统样品前处理技术	液液萃取(LLE)	操作简单、要求及成本低	有机溶剂消耗大、富集倍数小、提取工作量大	[30]
新型样品前处理技术	柱固相萃取(CSPE)	有机溶剂消耗量少、富集度高	样品质量要求高、操作要求高	[31⇓-33]
	磁固相萃取(MSPE)	操作简单、分离速度快、操作时间短	萃取材料需带磁性,萃取过程的平衡时间通常较长	[34-35]
	固相微萃取(SMPE)	快速高效、灵敏度高、环保经济	萃取容量有限、萃取头需定期更换	[36⇓-38]

材料	名称	特点	分析物	前处理技术	仪器	回收率/%	检出限	参考文献
碳纳米管	M-CNT@ PDE	聚合物低共熔溶剂修饰	牛血清白蛋白	磁固相萃取	紫外可见光度计		2.67 μg/mL	[44]
共价有机骨架材料	MI-COF	产生印迹空腔, 孔隙率高	氟喹诺酮药物	固相萃取	高效液相色谱仪	92~113	0.32~0.48 μg/L	[55]
共价有机骨架材料	COF-LZU1@ PEI@Fe₃O₄	聚乙烯亚胺功能化	多环芳烃	磁固相萃取	高效液相色谱仪	90.9~107.8	0.2~20 pg/mL	[56]
共轭微孔聚合物	PP-CMP	聚亚苯基功能化	苯氧羧酸除草剂	分散固相萃取	气相色谱仪	86.9~101.3	0.55~3.84 ng/L	[57]
共轭微孔聚合物	CMP	三苯胺卟啉基功能化	邻苯二甲酸酯	固相微萃取	气相色谱仪	80~120	0.01~3.0 μg/L	[53]
金属有机骨架材料	Zn-MOF	二维MOF, 比表面积大	环丙沙星、氧氟沙星以及诺氟沙星	固相萃取	高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪		0.009~0.016 ng/mL	[34]
金属有机骨架材料	iMOF-Ni	镍基阳离子	双酚类污染物	固相萃取	高效液相色谱仪	72.2~96.6	0.07~0.16 ng/mL	[35]
纳米纤维毡	PANI/ PanNFsM	核壳型纳米纤维毡, 比表面积大	非甾体抗炎药	固相萃取	高相液相色谱-串联质谱仪	85.0~99.7		[36]
纳米多孔碳材料	MMIMs	比表面积大, 孔隙率高	双酚类污染物	磁固相萃取	高效液相色谱-四级杆- 轨道阱高分辨质谱仪	71.9~108.4	0.03~0.30 μg/L	[58]