冷冻浓缩法处理高盐废水的研究进展

doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.06.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

工业生产过程产生大量高盐废水,水质成分复杂,含有大量Na⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-等盐离子及有毒物。传统高盐废水处理技术仍存在效率低、运行成本高的特点,冷冻浓缩作为一种高效清洁且无二次污染的处理技术而得到广泛关注,但冷冻浓缩所制备的冰晶存在杂质是当前亟待解决的问题。总结了近年来冷冻浓缩技术在高盐废水处理领域的研究进展。对冷冻时间、冷冻温度、初始溶液浓度等关键参数进行研究;通过浸泡、重力、加水等净化方法对杂质冰晶进行净化;为了加快脱盐进程和提高脱盐效果,探究了成核剂和超声波辅助冷冻浓缩的方法,并对冷冻浓缩技术的能耗进行了经济性分析;最后对技术发展进行了总结和展望,以期对冷冻浓缩处理高盐废水的发展和实践提供一定的参考。

关键词: 冷冻浓缩, 高盐废水, 冰晶净化, 辅助方法, 经济性分析

Abstract:

The industrial production process produces large quantities of high-salinity wastewater comprising complex water-quality components, including a large amount of Na⁺, Cl^-, SO₄^2-, and other salts as well as toxic substances. Traditional high-salinity wastewater treatment technology has low efficiency and high operating cost. The freeze concentration method for high-salinity wastewater treatment has received widespread attention as a highly efficient and clean treatment technology without secondary pollution. However, the problem of impurities in the ice crystals prepared via freeze concentration should be solved urgently. This article summarizes the research progress of freeze concentration technology in high-salinity wastewater treatment in recent years. The key parameters such as freezing time, freezing temperature, and initial solution concentration were discussed, and various methods for removing impurities from ice crystals, including immersion, gravity, and water addition purification methods, were investigated. To accelerate the desalination process and improve the desalination effect, nucleating agent and ultrasonic-assisted freeze concentration methods were investigated. Furthermore, the energy consumption of the freeze concentration technology was economically analyzed. Moreover, the development of the technology is summarized and a prospect is proposed to provide specific references for the development and application of freeze concentration method in high-salinity wastewater treatment.

Key words: freeze concentration, high-salinity wastewater, ice purification, assistant method, economic analysis

中图分类号:

王晓凯, 赵长盛, 李鲁震, 张博伟, 刘绪振, 谭宇. 冷冻浓缩法处理高盐废水的研究进展[J]. 山东科学, 2023, 36(6): 121-130.

WANG Xiaokai, ZHAO Changsheng, LI Luzhen, ZHANG Bowei, LIU Xuzhen, TAN Yu. Research progress in high-salinity wastewater treatment by the freeze concentration method[J]. Shandong Science, 2023, 36(6): 121-130.

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高产盐行业	废水来源	主要成分	参考文献
印染工业	染料生产废水、印染工艺废水等	氯化钠、硫酸钠等	^[9]
造纸业	洗浆废水、抄纸废水等	木质素、有机酸盐、硫酸钠、次氯酸盐等	^[10]
煤化工业	洗涤废水、冷凝废水等	高浓度酚、氨化合物及有机物,水质成分复杂	^[11]
炼油工业	精制和蒸馏过程的冷凝水、裂化和重整装置排水等	硫化物、挥发酚、氨氮等	^[12]
制药业	结晶等工艺生产废水、过滤机等冲洗废水等	酸、碱化合物及多种有机物	^[13]

高盐废水处理技术	原理	优缺点	参考文献
蒸发法	加热使高盐废水中的水汽化从而使高盐废水得以浓缩,达到减量化处理	运行高效、处理效果好;设备成本高,能耗高等	^[14]
生物法	对废水中有毒物质进行富集、转化、降解等	环保且安全性更强;不适合处理浓度较高的盐水	^[15]
膜分离法	处理膜两侧形成压力差,透过处理膜最终实现筛选分离	适应性强、能耗低;单独作用时处理效果有限	^[16]

复合冷冻浓缩法	优点	缺点	最佳脱盐率	参考文献
冷冻-加水-离心(FWCM)	稀释冰晶表面的浓缩液,降低冰晶黏度,操作简单	出水产率降低,经济性差	93.2%	^[49]
冷冻-浸泡-离心(FSCM)	浸泡液与冰晶接触面广,节省时间,所需浸泡液简单易取	浸泡导致冰晶融化,产冰率降低	96.0%	^[53]
冷冻-重力-离心(FGCM)	出水产率高,处理效果最好,操作简单	处理时间长	99.8%	^[55]