Table of Content

20 April 2023 Volume 36 Issue 2

  

Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Active Products

Identification of Lonicera japonica varieties based on morphological classification and submicroscopic structure characteristics of pollen grains

LI Xiaojuan, LU Heng, LIU Wei, LI Shengbo, WANG Xiao

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  1-7.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.001

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This study aimed to provide a basis for the evaluation of germplasm resources, variety classification and identification, and selection of excellent varieties for Lonicera japonica based on submicroscopic structure characteristics of pollen grains. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to classify and identify the plants, stems, leaves, flowers, pollens, and outer ornamentations of L. japonica varieties. The data were analyzed using statistical product and service solutions(SPSS). There were certain differences in the morphological traits, pollen shapes, germinal apertures, and outer ornamentations of the eight L. japonica varieties. The stem and crown of the Sijihua plants were obvious, and the Beihua No.1 plants were bush-like. The buds of L. japonica No. 24 were sparsely pubescent. The pollen grains were spheres, with dense thorn-like ornamentations on the outer wall. The pollen grains of Beihua No.1 and Sijihua were triangular spheres, with dense, thick, thorn-like ornamentations on the outer wall. The stems, branches, and buds of Damaohua had dense, long pubescence. The buds of L. japonica No. 16 were densely covered, with glandular hairs and acicular hairs. The pollen grains of L. japonica No. 1, L. japonica No. 15, and L. japonica No. 23 were blunt triangular spheres or spheroids, with sparse, thorn-like ornamentations on the outer wall. The morphological characteristics of the pollen grains of L. japonica varieties provide a palynological basis for variety classification and identification.

Study on pilot-scale purification process and antibacterial activity of hypocrellin

SUN Botong, LI Hongliang, HAN Rubing, WANG Ying, ZHANG Sichen

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  8-15.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.002

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To study the pilot-scale purification process and bacteriostatic effect of hypocrellin during the pilot-scale production, we extracted hypocrellin using different solvents and extraction methods. Then, we investigated the purification effects of the hypocrellin using salting-out, physical cooling, and ultrafiltration methods. The results showed that the amount of hypocrellin extracted using the jet pulverization method could reach up to 21.4 mg/g, and its density could exceed 90% after its purification via ultrafiltration. The analysis of the bacteriostatic activity of hypocrellin showed that it had good thermal stability and inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. We found that hypocrellin has natural antibacterial properties and good thermal stability, is easy to extract and purify, and can be used as a bacteriostatic drug in medicine and other applications.

Simultaneous determination of calycosin 7-O-glucoside, hesperidin, and ammonium glycyrrhizinate in Buzhongyiqi Pills via UPLC-Q/Orbitrap HRMS

WU Dan, HUANG Biyun, WANG Jing, LIU Long

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  16-22.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.003

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In this study, we have developed a novel method for the simultaneous determination of calycosin 7-O-glucoside, hesperidin, and ammonium glycyrrhizinate in Buzhongyiqi Pills based on UPLC-Q/Orbitrap HRMS using Hypersil Gold C₁₈ chromatographic column. The gradient mobile phase comprised acetonile as well as water containing 0.1% formic acid. The flow rate, column temperature, and injection volume were 0.4 mL/min, 40 ℃, and 1 μL, respectively. Mass spectrometer was operated using an electrospray ionization source in the positive ion mode for detection. The scan range was 100~1 500 m/z. Quantification was performed by extracting the accurate mass of the target compounds.The linear ranges of calycosin 7-O-glucoside,hesperidin, ammonium glycyrrhizinate were 0.089 1~1.425 0 μg/mL,0.098 4~12.600 0 μg/mL, and 7.425 0~29.700 0 μg/mL (r≥0.999 3), respectively. Furthermore, the limits of detection were 5.57 ng/mL, 4.10 ng/mL, and 5.80 ng/mL, respectively, while the limits of quantitation were 22.26 ng/mL, 12.30 ng/mL, and 23.20 ng/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated good precision, repeatability, and sample stability. Spike recoveries were 91%~105%(δ_RSD≤5.0%,n=6). This method is simple, accurate, and highly sensitive, which is suitable for the simultaneous determination of calycosin 7-O-glucoside, hesperidin, and ammonium glycyrrhizinate in Buzhongyiqi Pills.

Pharmacology and Toxicology

Network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis of the mechanism of Huanglian Wendan Decoction in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis

LIU Wenwen, GAO Yunyun, YIN Zhipeng, LÜ Gang, WANG Yu, ZHAO Yinghui

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  23-32.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.004

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This study aimed to explore the mechanism of Huanglian Wendan Decoction in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis by network pharmacology and molecular docking methods. The active ingredients and drug target genes of Huanglian Wendan Decoction were screened using the traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology database and analysis platform. The H. pylori associated gastritis disease-related targets were found by the GeneCards and DisGENET databases, and the common target genes of diseases and drugs were obtained via the Venny online mapping tool. Cytoscape 3.8.2 software and the STRING database were used to construct a drug-compound-target interaction network and a protein-protein interaction network diagram, respectively. Gene ontology function and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analysis were performed using the DAVID database. The target proteins and active ingredients with the top three selection scores were selected for molecular docking using Autodocktools 1.5.6 software. A total of 127 active ingredients of Huanglian Wendan Decoction were screened, such as quercetin, nobiletin, and naringenin. A total of 101 potential target proteins were obtained, such as Akt1, JUN, TNF-α, and STAT3, which involved 90 signal pathways, including the p53 signal pathway, NOD-like receptor signal pathway, and TNF signal pathway. Molecular docking results revealed that the key targets, STAT3, TP53, and Akt1, had high affinity for the active ingredients quercetin, nobiletin, and naringenin. In addition, Akt1 had the highest binding affinity for naringenin. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis predicted the action target and related signal pathway of Huanglian Wendan Decoction in the treatment of H. pylori associated gastritis, which will provide a theoretical basis for clinical application and subsequent experimental research.

Study on the mechanism of Shiweiyipi Granules based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

LIU Wenwen, LI Changgeng, KONG Na, LIU Shuang, DONG Hongjing

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  33-40.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.005

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To investigate the major active ingredients and mechanism of Shiweiyipi Granules in treating spleen deficiency and food syndrome. With the help of related papers and the traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology database and analysis platform, we obtained the major chemical compounds of 10 medicines from Shiweiyipi Granules in order to construct a chemical composition library. We also built a related target library using multiple databases. In addition, disease targets related to food accumulation and spleen strengthening were obtained from the Genecards, OMIM, and TTD databases. The chemical compositions-potential targets network was used to screen the key components and targets. The core components and targets were selected through the TCM-key components-key targets disease network; the core components were analyzed using the SwissADME database; and the CB Dock website was used for molecular docking. The results revealed that quercetin, poricoic acid A, poricoic acid C, and β-sitosterol were the core compounds of Shiweiyipi Granules, whereas CA2, PTGS1, and PTGS2 were the core targets of Shiweiyipi Granules. The molecular docking results showed that the core ingredients had a good affinity for the core targets. This study provided a theoretical basis and data support for further interpretation of the action mechanism and clinical application of Shiweiyipi Granules.

Microbiology of Agriculture

Analysis of microbial communities of healthy and rusty root-rot Panax quinquefolium L. rhizosphere soil using traditional isolation and high-throughput sequencing

LI Lingyu, HUANG Luqi, LI Zheng, WANG Xiao, LIU Wei, ZHANG Huamin, MA Chunxia

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  41-49.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.006

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To investigate the diversity of microbial communities and to obtain culturable strains from healthy and rusty root-rot rhizosphere soil samples of Panax quinquefolius L., it is necessary to provide a reference for the occurrence mechanism and prevention and control strategies for rusty root-rot. Traditional isolation and high-throughput sequencing were used for analyzing the healthy and rusty root-rot soil samples of Panax quinquefolius L. to explore their structural composition and diversity. In total, 24 strains of bacteria and 25 strains of fungi were isolated using the traditional isolation techniques, and the dominant genera were Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Penicillium. The results of Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing revealed that Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria dominated the bacterial communities in the healthy and rusty root-rot soil samples. Notably, the phylum proportions of Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Tenericutes in the rusty root-rot soil samples significantly decreased, whereas those of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria significantly increased. Furthermore, the bacterial diversity of the infected rusty root-rot rhizosphere soil decreased significantly. In conclusion, the composition and quantity of soil microbial communities were significantly different between the healthy and rusty root-rot soil samples, and this provides a theoretical basis for the study of the occurrence mechanism and prevention and control strategies for rusty root-rot Panax quinquefolium L.

Screening,identification, and functional evaluation of low temperature degradation of straw Trichoderma

TAI Shaohua, HU Jindong, WEI Shaowen, HONG Bo, WANG Xixin, SUN Youmin

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  50-58.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.007

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Because of low temperatures in northern China during winter, straw with low decomposition efficiency is directly returned to the field, making pathogen accumulation easy. To promote in-situ decomposition of straw and reduce the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria, a strain of Trichoderma, C47-3, which degrades straw at a low temperature, was obtained through low temperature culture combined with cellulase, hemicellulase, and laccase activity screening. The strain was inoculated in straw liquid medium, and the straw degradation rate was 22.28% after 15 days of cultivation at 15 ℃. Morphological observation and molecular biology analysis revealed that the strain was Trichoderma paratroviride. The Trichoderma strain C47-3 and its volatile substances inhibited the growth of eight pathogens, including Botryosphaeria dothidea, Rhizoctonia cerealis, and Botrytis cinerea, and the inhibition rate of Fusarium pseudograminearum was greater than 60%. The screened Trichoderma strain C47-3 can improve straw decomposition efficiency at low temperatures and has biocontrol potential, providing strain resources for the efficient utilization of corn straw after returning to the field in winter and the biological control of soil-borne diseases in northern China.

New Materials

Effect of heat treatment on the organization and properties of TiAl-based alloy shot-peened specimens

LIU Lihua, WEN Daosheng, WANG Shouren, NIU Jintao, SONG Qiang, YIN Ziqiang

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  59-68.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.008

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Because TiAl alloys are susceptible to fatigue cracking on their surfaces due to cyclic loading when used at high temperatures, it is necessary to treat their surfaces to improve their mechanical properties. In this study, TiAl alloy was subjected to shot peening tests at room temperature, using 0.2 mm diameter steel shots at 0.7 MPa air pressure. The shot peening simulation studies were conducted using ABAQUS finite element analysis software. Subsequently, the shot-peened specimens were heat treated at different temperatures and holding times. The cross-sectional microstructures of the specimens were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the residual compressive stresses on the surfaces were measured using an X-ray residual stress meter, and the surface microhardness after heat treatment was measured using a microhardness meter. The results showed that many pits and lamellar protrusions appeared on the surface of TiAl alloy after shot peening, and obvious plastic deformations and numerous deformation twins appeared at the secondary surface. The residual compressive stress on the surface of the TiAl alloy after heat treatment decreased as the holding time and heat treatment temperature increased. Hardness followed a similar trend as the residual stress; however, when the heat treatment temperature was raised to 1 200 ℃, the hardness increased due to the change of metallographic organization and a significant increase inα₂ phase content.

Fracture analysis and prevention of high-strength fastening bolts used in railway steel bridges

GUO Weimin, DONG Youfu, LEI Tai'an, ZHANG Qinran, LIU Guoqiang, LIU Guofei, MENG Lingqiang, TIAN Linan, DING Ning

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  69-75.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.009

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Several high-strength fastening bolts were found broken on a railway steel bridge. Failure analysis of these bolts was performed to determine why they fractured and to prevent future bolt fractures. The fracture morphology, microarea-chemical analysis of the fracture, microstructure and hardness of the bolts, compositional contents, and mechanical properties of the bolt steel were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, optical microscopy, a Rockwell hardness tester, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and an electronic universal testing machine, respectively. The results indicate that the compositional contents, hardness, and mechanical properties are consistent with the 20MnTiB steel standard. In addition, dendritic cracks can be observed in the fracture initiation zones of the fastening bolts and the corrosion products in the cracks contain sulfur.The fastening bolts are subjected to cyclic loads in normal working conditions. Therefore, fractures of the fastening bolts were caused by corrosion fatigue fractures under cyclic loads. The cracks initiated at the root of the screw thread or the connecting point between the stud and nut, which are particularly vulnerable to stress corrosion cracks caused by the presence of sulfur.

Traffic and Transportation

Evacuation optimization of a sudden large passenger flow in resilient transportation hub

CAO Ruobing, CAO Chengxuan, XU Meng, CAO Lu

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  76-84.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.010

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The improvement of the resilience of transportation hubs is crucial to cope with the pressure brought by a sudden large passenger flow on the transportation system. Based on the layout of the internal facilities of transportation hubs, the potential passenger evacuation paths are abstracted as a network diagram comprising nodes and links. From the perspective of changing the passenger evacuation paths, an optimization model is proposed herein for sudden large passenger flow evacuation while opening the emergency channels. The emergency channels that are normally closed can be opened for evacuation when there is a sudden large passenger flow. The passenger flow between each origin and destination and the potential passenger evacuation paths are pregiven. A passenger evacuation optimization model is presented to minimize the generalized cost including the passenger evacuation time and the cost of opening the emergency channels. The chaotic ant colony algorithm is designed to solve the model and obtain the optimal passenger evacuation scheme. Finally, Beijing South Railway Station is taken as a case study to verify the model and algorithm. Results show that in case of a sudden large passenger flow, opening emergency channels with appropriate location and number can effectively shorten the evacuation time of passengers. The results obtained in this paper provide a theoretical support for improving the resilience of urban transportation hubs from the perspective of their internal facility planning and layout and the optimization of passenger evacuation.

Equilibrium ride model of one-to-many mass transit system with heterogeneous passengers

LU Yuzhen, LI Xingang

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  85-92.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.011

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This paper analyzes the morning peak-period commuting pattern in the one-to-many mass transit system. The cost composition is analyzed considering the heterogeneity of the passengers' sensitivity to crowding in public transport. Passengers make trade-o?s between travel time, crowding, and schedule delay costs, and make their optimal time-of-use decision to establish an equilibrium travel model. We deduce the following equilibrium properties of the morning peak-period commuting in a one-to-many mass transit system: Passengers of the same destination disperse in continuous train services and the cumulative number of passengers increase with the closeness to the optimal arrival trains; if there are people taking a specific train at two consecutive stations, then the total number of people who board a specific train at subsequent stations is constant; different passengers with the same destination can be mixed at most on one train; and passengers who are sensitive to crowding will take the train far from the expected arrival time, while passengers who are not sensitive to congestion will do the opposite. The results of the study are conducive in deepening the understanding of transit riding behavior, providing auxiliary support for transportation dispatch management and further improving the related research on the transit equilibrium model.

Optimized density peaks clustering algorithm for functional architecture of an autonomous transportation system

LI Chuanyao, CHEN Yiting

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  93-102.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.012

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Autonomous transportation system (ATS) is a new generation of transportation system proposed in response to the new development trend of active intelligent transportation. To scientifically and reasonably construct the functional architecture of the ATS, an optimized Density Peak Clustering (DPC) algorithm for multiattribute text is proposed in this paper. Combined with the basic characteristics of the functional architecture of a traffic system, the algorithm converts multiattribute text into spatial dimension coordinates through improved term frequency-inverse document frequency algorithm and text vector space model. Gaussian function and decision value were used to optimize the DPC algorithm for clustering, and the clustering result was evaluated using a contour coefficient. To test the rationality of the algorithm, this paper uses the functional datasets of road-carrier operation service domain, traffic infrastructure management service domain, and traffic-safety management service domain in ATS to perform an analysis as an example and draws functional architecture diagrams according to the clustering results. The architecture diagram comprises four layers of autonomous perception, autonomous learning, autonomous decision, and autonomous response, thus forming a scientific analysis method for functional architecture in ATS application scenarios. The results of the example show that the proposed algorithm is robust and the average value of the contour coefficient of the example is 0.84. Compared with the original algorithm, the problem of difficulty in defining the clustering center in the process of clustering is solved. Compared with other architecture designs in the intelligent transportation system, the functional architecture is more hierarchical and logical. This optimization algorithm can promote the construction of the functional architecture of the new generation of transportation system and the development of the theoretical system of the ATS.

CNN-LSTM driver intention recognition method based on Attention mechanism

ZHUANG Hao, LI Yang, TAO Mingkun

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  103-111.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.013

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In an autonomous driving system, the system needs to accurately identify the driver's intention to help them drive safely in complex traffic scenarios. Aiming at the issue of low accuracy of driver intent recognition and lacking consideration of the influence of optimized features on the accuracy of the model currently, a driver intention recognition method based on a time series model is proposed using deep learning knowledge. The method is based on Attention mechanism and incorporates Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM), introducing own and environmental information of the vehicle as spatiotemporal input to capture the spatial interaction and temporal evolution of surrounding vehicles. The method can simultaneously predict the driver intention in both lateral and longitudinal directions of the target vehicle and is trained and verified on the actual road dataset next generation simulation. The experimental results show that the proposed CNN-LSTM-Attention model can accurately predict the driver's driving intention in the highway environment, which has obvious advantages over the LSTM and CNN-LSTM model and provides an effective guarantee for the safe operation of the automatic driving system.

Environment and Ecology

Drying characteristics and industrial test of municipal sludge

YIN Fengjiao, ZHAO Gaiju, WU Jing, WANG Shouquan, LIU Feng, SHI Yongchun

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  112-117.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.014

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Owing to the problems of drying high-humidity and high-viscosity sludge, this paper analyzes the water characteristics and drying characteristics of municipal sludge to optimize the design of the key components of ordinary rotary cylinder dryer and conduct industrial simulation test. The results show that the self-cleaning and dispersing rotary cylinder dryer with internal self-cleaning components such as chains, scraping plates, and dispersing shafts has better a antisticking and antiagglomeration effect as well as higher drying power and more ideal drying effect than the ordinary rotary drum dryers. It provides useful theoretical support for the development and application promotion of municipal sludge deep dewatering processes and devices.

Analysis of meteorological conditions of the pollution process in the North China Plain during heating seasons from 2015 to 2021

SUN Fengjuan, WANG Zaifeng, ZHANG Wenjuan, WANG Zhifei, LÜ Bo

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  118-127.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.015

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As one of the three plains in China, the North China Plain is prone to large-scale and long-term pollution processes during the heating season due to its special geographical location, large number of heavy industry enterprises and higher pollution emissions in the season. The PM_2.5 concentration in the North China Plain is significantly higher than that in the surrounding areas during the heating season. To better understand the impact of weather system and meteorological elements on urban air quality in the North China Plain during the heating season, 50 cities in the North China Plain (32° to 40° N and 114° to 120° E) were selected as the research objects to analyze the impact of meteorological conditions on large-scale high pollution processes during the heating seasons from 2015 to 2021. Results show that when high pollution occurred in the North China Plain, the curvature of 500 hPa circulation decreases and is straighter. Due to the increased probability of temperature inversion, the horizontal and vertical directions were more stable, and the diffusion ability of pollutants was weakened. Near the surface, the abnormal southerly winds in Henan and central and southern Shandong led to regional warming and humidification, which was conducive to the growth of particle moisture absorption and secondary transformation. The abnormal easterly or northeasterly winds in central and western Hebei led to the accumulation of pollutants on the east side of Taihang Mountain, causing widespread pollution processes in the piedmont. They also formed wind convergence with the abnormal southerly winds in Henan and central and southern Shandong, diffusion conditions were unfavorable. The analysis of a pollution process from January 20, 2021 to January 28, 2021 shows that the upper air circulation in the North China Plain during the pollution was relatively straighter., the ground was mainly controlled by the pressure equalization field, and the main type was calm wind, and the humidity was continuously high. Unfavorable diffusion conditions were the main cause of this pollution process.

Other Research Articles

Design and implementation of a portable electrocardiogram acquisition device

LI Pengyu, ZHENG Chunlei

Shandong Science. 2023, 36(2):  128-134.  doi:10.3976/j.issn.1002-4026.2023.02.016

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A portable electrocardiogram(ECG) monitoring device is designed for people with arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, premature beats, and other heart diseases, and it is used for disease detection and prevention. In this paper, the RT1025 front-end ECG signal acquisition chip is studied first, followed by the development of a denoising infinite impulse response filtering algorithm for common noise such as electromyogram noise and 50 Hz power frequency interference, and the completion of program design for ECG data acquisition and communication. This equipment is stable in working condition, simple in data acquisition and control, and serves as a model for the design of portable ECG acquisition equipment. It is also important for the prevention and real-time monitoring of cardiovascular diseases.